src/tm-notes/ch1.tm

   1 <TeXmacs|2.1.1>
   2
   3 <project|book.tm>
   4
   5 <style|<tuple|book|style-bk>>
   6
   7 <\body>
   8   <chapter|Definitions>
   9
  10   <section|Terminology>
  11
  12   <\description-compact>
  13     <item*|argument<label|term_argument>>A value used to supply a
  14     <strong|parameter> in the call of a <strong|function>. Also known as an
  15     \Pactual argument\Q as opposed to \Pformal argument\Q (i.e.
  16     <strong|parameter>). See also <em|parameter>.
  17
  18     <item*|assignment>An expression in which a variable is set to a value.
  19     For example, in the expression <hgroup|<cpp|x = 1>>, the variable <cpp|x>
  20     is set to the value <cpp|1> because <cpp|x> is to the left of the equals
  21     sign \ \P<cpp|=>\Q. The value of the entire expression is equal to the
  22     value of the left hand side (i.e. <cpp|x> in this example) after the
  23     assignment is performed. For example, the following C code will print
  24     \P<cpp|true>\Q:
  25
  26     <\cpp-code>
  27       #include \<less\>stdio.h\<gtr\>
  28
  29       int main() {
  30
  31       \ \ int c;
  32
  33       \ \ if( (c = 7) == 7 )
  34
  35       \ \ \ \ printf("true");
  36
  37       \ \ else
  38
  39       \ \ \ \ printf("false");
  40
  41       };
  42     </cpp-code>
  43
  44     As another example, the following lines are equivalent:
  45
  46     <\cpp-code>
  47       a = b = c = 0;
  48
  49       a = ( b = ( c = 0 ) );
  50     </cpp-code>
  51
  52     <label|term_call><item*|call>The act of running (or \Pinvoking\Q) a
  53     <strong|function>. See <em|function call>.
  54
  55     <label|term declaration><item*|declaration>A construct that establishes
  56     an association between a particular variable, function, or type and its
  57     attributes<\footnote>
  58       See <hlinkv|https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/declarations>.
  59     </footnote>. Announces the properties of variables. May be a statement
  60     consisting of a <strong|type> name followed by a list of
  61     <strong|variables> (e.g. <cpp|int i, j;>) or followed by an expression
  62     with a variable (e.g. <cpp|int i = 0;>). Compare with
  63     <with|font-series|bold|definition>.
  64
  65     <label|term definition><item*|definition>A construct that establishes the
  66     same associations as a declaration but also causes storage to be
  67     allocated for the variable<\footnote>
  68       See <hlinkv|https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-language/c-declarations-and-definitions?view=msvc-170>.
  69     </footnote>.
  70
  71     <label|term_linter><item*|linter> A source code analysis program designed
  72     to detect common syntactic errors.
  73
  74     <label|term enumeration><item*|enumeration><hlink|Enumeration|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumeration>
  75     (or <code*|enum>) is a user defined data type in <name|C>. It is mainly
  76     used to assign names to integral constants. For example, the declaration
  77     <code*|enum year{Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov,
  78     Dec};> allows writing a for loop with names of months <code*|for (i=Jan;
  79     i\<less\>=Dec; i++)> to cycle <code*|i> through the integers <code*|0, 1,
  80     2, 3, <text-dots>, 10, 11>.
  81
  82     <label|term escape_sequence><item*|escape sequence>A set of characters
  83     used to represent hard-to-type or invisible characters. Some commonly
  84     used escape sequences in <name|C> include:
  85
  86     <\description-aligned>
  87       <item*|<cpp|\\n>>Represents the <em|newline> character.
  88
  89       <item*|<cpp|\\t>>Represents the <em|tab> character.
  90
  91       <item*|<cpp|\\b>>Represents the <em|backspace> character.
  92
  93       <item*|<cpp|\\\\>>Represents the <em|backslash> (i.e.
  94       \P<verbatim|<em|\\>>\Q) character.
  95     </description-aligned>
  96
  97     All other escape sequences used in <name|C> are:
  98
  99     <\description-aligned>
 100       <item*|<cpp|\\a>>Represents the <em|alert> (bell) character.
 101
 102       <item*|<cpp|\\f>>Represents the <em|formfeed> character.
 103
 104       <item*|<cpp|\\r>>Represents the <em|carriage return> character.
 105
 106       <item*|<cpp|\\t>>Represents the <em|horizontal tab> character.
 107
 108       <item*|<cpp|\\v>>Represents the <em|vertical tab> character.
 109
 110       <item*|<cpp|\\?>>Represents the <em|question mark> character.
 111
 112       <item*|<cpp|\\'>>Represents the <em|single quote> character.
 113
 114       <item*|<cpp|\\">>Represents the <em|double quote> character.
 115
 116       <item*|<cpp|\\><em|ooo>>Represents an <em|octal number> (e.g.
 117       <cpp|\\012> is the <em|newline> character)<\footnote>
 118         <label|ref includehelp-oct-hex>See
 119         <hlinkv|https://www.includehelp.com/c/octal-and-hexadecimal-escape-sequences.aspx>.
 120       </footnote>.
 121
 122       <item*|<cpp|\\x><em|hh>>Represents a <em|hexadecimal> number (e.g.
 123       <cpp|\\x0A> is the <em|newline> character)<rsup|<reference|ref
 124       includehelp-oct-hex>>.
 125
 126       <item*|<cpp|\\0>>Represents the <em|null> character (i.e. a <cpp|char>
 127       with value <cpp|0>)<\footnote>
 128         See <hlinkv|https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-null-pointer-null-character-0-and-0-in-c-with-examples/>.
 129       </footnote>
 130     </description-aligned>
 131
 132     <label|term_expression><item*|expression> A sequence of
 133     <strong|operators> and <strong|operands> that specify a computation. When
 134     evaluated, an expression may perform useful side effects (e.g.
 135     <cpp|printf("%d", 4)> sends the character <cpp|4> to \ the standard
 136     output stream)<\footnote>
 137       See <hlinkv|https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/expressions>.
 138     </footnote>.
 139
 140     Arrangements of expressions may include<\footnote>
 141       See <hlinkv|https://www.educative.io/answers/what-are-expressions-in-c>.
 142     </footnote>:
 143
 144     <\description>
 145       <item*|Constant>A value with no operator is used<\footnote>
 146         See <hlinkv|https://www.cs.miami.edu/home/burt/learning/Math120.1/Notes/exp-syn.html>.
 147       </footnote>. (e.g. the \P<cpp|0>\Q in <cpp|return 0;>)
 148
 149       <item*|Variable identifier>A variable evaluated earlier. (e.g. the 2nd
 150       \P<cpp|k>\Q in <hgroup|<cpp|k = 1; return k;>>)
 151
 152       <item*|Infix expression>Operator is used between operands. (e.g. <cpp|a
 153       = x + y>)
 154
 155       <item*|Postfix expression>Operator is used after the operands. (e.g.
 156       <cpp|xy+>)
 157
 158       <item*|Prefix expression>Operator is used before the operands. (e.g.
 159       <cpp|+xy>)
 160
 161       <item*|Unary expression>There is one operator and one operand. (e.g.
 162       <cpp|x++>)
 163
 164       <item*|Binary expression>There is one operator and two operands. (e.g.
 165       <cpp|x+y>)
 166     </description>
 167
 168     Types of expressions may include:
 169
 170     <\description>
 171       <item*|Arithmetic expression>Consists of arithmetic operators (<cpp|+,
 172       -, *, and />) and computes values of <cpp|int, float, or double> type.
 173
 174       <item*|Relational expression>Usually uses comparison operators
 175       (<cpp|\<gtr\>, \<less\>, \<gtr\>=, \<less\>=, ===, and !==>) and
 176       computers answer in the <cpp|bool> type (i.e. true \P<cpp|1>\Q or false
 177       \P<cpp|0>\Q).
 178
 179       <item*|Logical expression>Consists of logical operators (<cpp|&&, \|\|,
 180       and !>) and combines relational expressions to compute answers in the
 181       <cpp|bool> type.
 182
 183       <item*|Conditional expression>Consists of statements that return
 184       <cpp|true> if the condition is met or <cpp|false> otherwise.
 185
 186       <item*|Pointer expression>May consist of an ampersand (<cpp|&>)
 187       operator and returns <cpp|address> values.
 188
 189       <item*|Bitwise expression>Consists of bitwise operators
 190       (<cpp|\<gtr\>\<gtr\>, \<less\>\<less\>, ~, &, \|, and ^>) and performs
 191       operations at the bit level.
 192
 193       <item*|Constant expression>Involves only constants such that the
 194       expression may be evaluated during compilation rather than
 195       run-time<\footnote>
 196         K&R 2nd Ed., Sec. 2.3 \PConstants\Q.
 197       </footnote>.
 198     </description>
 199
 200     <label|term_function><item*|function>A group of statements that perform a
 201     task. Is defined using a function <strong|definition> that has a
 202     parenthesized list of <strong|declarations> called <strong|parameters>
 203     (e.g. variables for accepting values named <strong|arguments> as input
 204     when the <strong|function> is called). A function definition has the
 205     form:
 206
 207     <em|<\indent>
 208       return-type<space|1em>function-name(parameter declarations, if any) {
 209
 210       <space|1em>declarations
 211
 212       <space|1em>statements
 213
 214       }
 215     </indent>>
 216
 217     <label|term_function_call><item*|function call>An expression containing
 218     the <strong|function> name followed by the function call operator
 219     \P<cpp|()>\Q.
 220
 221     <label|term_function_prototype><item*|function prototype>A declaration of
 222     a <strong|function> consisting only of the function name (a.k.a.
 223     \Pidentifier\Q) and parenthesized <strong|parameter> types so the
 224     compiler knows how to perform <strong|type>-based conversions of
 225     <strong|arguments> (e.g. truncating a <cpp|float> into an <cpp|int>) in
 226     <strong|calls> of the function before the compiler knows the function
 227     <strong|definition><\footnote>
 228       See <hlinkv|https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/function_declaration>.
 229     </footnote>. The function prototype parameter names do not have to agree
 230     with the function definition parameter names<\footnote>
 231       K&R 2nd Ed., Sec 1.7 \PFunctions\Q.
 232     </footnote>.
 233
 234     <label|term garbage_collection><item*|garbage collection>The process of
 235     freeing memory allocated by a program but which is no longer referenced.
 236     Usually incurs a significant <hlink|speed
 237     penalty|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_(computing)>.
 238     (<hlink|Wikipedia|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)>).
 239     The <name|C> Language does not provide garbage collection by default.
 240
 241     <item*|<label|term heap>heap>A large pool of memory that can be used
 242     dynamically \U it is also known as the \Pfree store\Q. This is memory
 243     that is not automatically managed \U you have to explicitly allocate
 244     (using functions such as malloc), and deallocate (e.g. free) the memory.
 245     Failure to free the memory when you are finished with it will result in
 246     what is known as a memory leak. Is the diametrical opposite of the stack
 247     (which, by contrast, is limited not by physical memory but by a
 248     CPU-determined stack size). (See <hlink|craftofcoding.wordpress.com|https://craftofcoding.wordpress.com/2015/12/07/memory-in-c-the-stack-the-heap-and-static/>).
 249
 250     <item*|<label|term machine-independent>machine-independent>A property of
 251     code that does not have to be modified in order to run on a different
 252     hardware architecture. (e.g. \PC is called a portable language because
 253     [code written in C] will run on any machine which supports C, without
 254     modifying a single line of code.\Q; <hlink|link|https://www.log2base2.com/C/basic/introduction-to-c-language.html>).
 255
 256     <item*|<label|term operand>operand>A quantity to which an operator is
 257     applied. (e.g. in the <name|C> math expression <code*|7 - 4 = 3>,
 258     <code*|7> is the first operand and <code*|4> is the second operand.)
 259
 260     <item*|<label|term operator>operator>A special type of function with
 261     limited numbers of parameters (e.g. 1 to 2) and syntax often requiring a
 262     set of characters different from those normally use for naming variables
 263     (e.g. the <code*|+> character in <code*|myVar = 1 + 2>, the <code*|&&> in
 264     <code*|a && b>, or the <code*|++> in <code*|i++>.).
 265
 266     <label|term_parameter><item*|parameter>Generally, a variable named in the
 267     parenthesized list in a <strong|function> definition. Also known as a
 268     \Pformal argument\Q as opposed to an \Pactual argument\Q (e.g.
 269     <strong|argument>). See <em|argument>.
 270
 271     <item*|<label|term stack>stack>A region of memory for global variable
 272     storage and is permanent for the entire run of the program. Stack size is
 273     limited not by physical memory availability but by the CPU. Lifetime of
 274     local variables declared within the stack is enforced by the Last-In,
 275     First-Out nature of the stack; when a function returns a value, all stack
 276     memory allocated by declarations within the function is automatically
 277     freed. (See <hlink|craftofcoding.wordpress.com|https://craftofcoding.wordpress.com/2015/12/07/memory-in-c-the-stack-the-heap-and-static/>)
 278
 279     <label|term_statement><item*|statement>An <strong|expression> when it is
 280     followed by a semicolon. May be grouped together using braces (i.e.
 281     \P<cpp|{ }>\Q) to form a <em|compound statement> or <em|block> which is
 282     syntactically equivalent to a single <strong|statement>.<\footnote>
 283       K&R 2nd Ed., Sec. 3.1 \PStatements and Blocks\Q.
 284     </footnote>
 285
 286     <item*|<label|term struct>struct>(short:
 287     <hlink|struct|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/struct_(C_programming_language)>)
 288     a <hlink|composite data type|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_data_type>
 289     that defines a physically grouped list of variables under one name in a
 290     block of memory, allowing the different variables to be accessed via a
 291     single <hlink|pointer|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)>
 292     or by the struct declared name which returns the same address.
 293
 294     <label|term structure_assignment><item*|structure assignment>The act of
 295     <hlink|assigning|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_(computer_science)>
 296     a <hlink|struct|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/struct_(C_programming_language)>
 297     to another struct. (?) (<hlink|example|https://stackoverflow.com/a/2302359/10850071>)
 298
 299     <item*|<label|term text_stream>text stream>A sequence of characters
 300     divided into lines; each line consists of zero or more characters
 301     followed by a newline character. (See K&R 2nd Ed. Section 1.5 \PCharacter
 302     Input and Output\Q)
 303
 304     <label|term_type><item*|type>A way of differentiating data stored for use
 305     in a program. Some types include <cpp|int> (integers), <cpp|char>
 306     (single-byte characters), <cpp|short> (a short integer), <cpp|long> (a
 307     long integer), <cpp|double> (a double-precision floating point number).
 308   </description-compact>
 309
 310   \;
 311
 312   <section|Functions>
 313
 314   <subsection|Character Input and Output>
 315
 316   <\description>
 317     <item*|<cpp|getchar()><label|func getchar>>Read one character at a time
 318     from the input buffer. Returns as <cpp|int> a <em|character
 319     constant>.<\footnote>
 320       <name|ASCII> characters have constants in the range <math|0-127>. UTF-8
 321       characters return multiple constants (e.g. \<#B0\> returns <cpp|194
 322       176>). See <hlinkv|https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2012/06/all-about-unicode-utf8-character-sets/>.
 323       A strategy for reading the multiple bytes of a UTF-8 character is here:
 324       <hlinkv|https://stackoverflow.com/a/34240796/>.
 325     </footnote>
 326
 327     <item*|<cpp|for()>>A generalization of <cpp|while()>. Takes three
 328     arguments:
 329
 330     <\enumerate>
 331       <item>Local statement to run before loop (e.g. to initialize a counting
 332       variable).
 333
 334       <item>Local statement that, if evaluated as true, permits running of
 335       next iteration of loop.
 336
 337       <item>Local statement to run after loop (e.g. to increment a counting
 338       variable).
 339     </enumerate>
 340
 341     <item*|<cpp|putchar(int arg1)><label|func putchar>>Write one integer
 342     character (e.g. <cpp|arg1>) at a time.
 343
 344     <item*|<cpp|printf()>>Used for printing formatted text to console.
 345
 346     Character codes include:
 347
 348     <\description-aligned>
 349       <item*|<cpp|%c>>Used to display a character by its <cpp|int>.
 350
 351       <item*|<cpp|%d>>Used with <cpp|int> (i.e. 16-bit integers; max value of
 352       <math|2<rsup|16>=32\<space\>767>).
 353
 354       <item*|<cpp|%ld>>Used with <cpp|long> (i.e. at least 32-bit
 355       integers).<\footnote>
 356         K&R 2nd Ed., Sec. 1.5 \PThe conversion specification <cpp|%ld> tells
 357         <cpp|printf> that the corresponding argument is a <cpp|long>
 358         integer.\Q
 359       </footnote>
 360
 361       <item*|<cpp|%f>>Used with <cpp|float> and <cpp|double> (double
 362       precision <cpp|float>).
 363     </description-aligned>
 364
 365     For printing <name|UTF-8> strings (which are multibyte in contrast to
 366     one-byte <name|ASCII> strings), functions from the C standard library
 367     <cpp|wchar.h> header file<\footnote>
 368       See <hlinkv|https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming/wchar.h>.
 369     </footnote> may need to be<\footnote>
 370       See <hlinkv|https://linuxprograms.wordpress.com/tag/c-utf-8-handling/>.
 371     </footnote> used<\footnote>
 372       See <hlinkv|https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56756204/compatibility-of-printf-with-utf-8-encoded-strings>.
 373     </footnote> (e.g. <cpp|wprintf()> (?)).
 374   </description>
 375
 376   \;
 377 </body>
 378
 379 <\initial>
 380   <\collection>
 381     <associate|page-medium|papyrus>
 382   </collection>
 383 </initial>
 384
 385 <\references>
 386   <\collection>
 387     <associate|auto-1|<tuple|1|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 388     <associate|auto-2|<tuple|1.1|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 389     <associate|auto-3|<tuple|1.2|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 390     <associate|auto-4|<tuple|1.2.1|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 391     <associate|footnote-1.1.1|<tuple|1.1.1|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 392     <associate|footnote-1.1.10|<tuple|1.1.10|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 393     <associate|footnote-1.1.11|<tuple|1.1.11|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 394     <associate|footnote-1.1.2|<tuple|1.1.2|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 395     <associate|footnote-1.1.3|<tuple|1.1.3|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 396     <associate|footnote-1.1.4|<tuple|1.1.4|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 397     <associate|footnote-1.1.5|<tuple|1.1.5|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 398     <associate|footnote-1.1.6|<tuple|1.1.6|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 399     <associate|footnote-1.1.7|<tuple|1.1.7|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 400     <associate|footnote-1.1.8|<tuple|1.1.8|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 401     <associate|footnote-1.1.9|<tuple|1.1.9|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 402     <associate|footnote-1.2.1|<tuple|1.2.1|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 403     <associate|footnote-1.2.2|<tuple|1.2.2|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 404     <associate|footnote-1.2.3|<tuple|1.2.3|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 405     <associate|footnote-1.2.4|<tuple|1.2.4|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 406     <associate|footnote-1.2.5|<tuple|1.2.5|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 407     <associate|footnr-1.1.1|<tuple|1.1.1|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 408     <associate|footnr-1.1.10|<tuple|1.1.10|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 409     <associate|footnr-1.1.11|<tuple|1.1.11|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 410     <associate|footnr-1.1.2|<tuple|1.1.2|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 411     <associate|footnr-1.1.3|<tuple|1.1.3|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 412     <associate|footnr-1.1.4|<tuple|1.1.4|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 413     <associate|footnr-1.1.5|<tuple|1.1.5|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 414     <associate|footnr-1.1.6|<tuple|1.1.6|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 415     <associate|footnr-1.1.7|<tuple|1.1.7|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 416     <associate|footnr-1.1.8|<tuple|1.1.8|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 417     <associate|footnr-1.1.9|<tuple|1.1.9|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 418     <associate|footnr-1.2.1|<tuple|1.2.1|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 419     <associate|footnr-1.2.2|<tuple|1.2.2|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 420     <associate|footnr-1.2.3|<tuple|1.2.3|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 421     <associate|footnr-1.2.4|<tuple|1.2.4|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 422     <associate|footnr-1.2.5|<tuple|1.2.5|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 423     <associate|func getchar|<tuple|1.2.1|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 424     <associate|func putchar|<tuple|3|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 425     <associate|ref includehelp-oct-hex|<tuple|1.1.3|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 426     <associate|term declaration|<tuple|call|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 427     <associate|term definition|<tuple|1.1.1|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 428     <associate|term enumeration|<tuple|linter|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 429     <associate|term escape_sequence|<tuple|enumeration|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 430     <associate|term garbage_collection|<tuple|1.1.10|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 431     <associate|term heap|<tuple|garbage collection|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 432     <associate|term machine-independent|<tuple|<label|term
 433     heap>heap|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 434     <associate|term operand|<tuple|<label|term
 435     machine-independent>machine-independent|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 436     <associate|term operator|<tuple|<label|term
 437     operand>operand|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 438     <associate|term stack|<tuple|parameter|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 439     <associate|term struct|<tuple|1.1.11|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 440     <associate|term structure_assignment|<tuple|<label|term
 441     struct>struct|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 442     <associate|term text_stream|<tuple|structure
 443     assignment|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 444     <associate|term_argument|<tuple|1.1|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 445     <associate|term_call|<tuple|assignment|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 446     <associate|term_expression|<tuple|1.1.4|2|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 447     <associate|term_function|<tuple|1.1.8|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 448     <associate|term_function_call|<tuple|function|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 449     <associate|term_function_prototype|<tuple|function
 450     call|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 451     <associate|term_linter|<tuple|1.1.2|1|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 452     <associate|term_parameter|<tuple|<label|term
 453     operator>operator|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 454     <associate|term_statement|<tuple|<label|term
 455     stack>stack|3|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 456     <associate|term_type|<tuple|<label|term text_stream>text
 457     stream|4|../../../../.TeXmacs/texts/scratch/no_name_10.tm>>
 458   </collection>
 459 </references>
 460
 461 <\auxiliary>
 462   <\collection>
 463     <\associate|toc>
 464       <vspace*|1fn><with|font-series|<quote|bold>|math-font-series|<quote|bold>|1<space|2spc>Definitions>
 465       <datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
 466       <no-break><pageref|auto-1><vspace|0.5fn>
 467
 468       1.1<space|2spc>Terminology <datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
 469       <no-break><pageref|auto-2>
 470
 471       1.2<space|2spc>Functions <datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
 472       <no-break><pageref|auto-3>
 473
 474       <with|par-left|<quote|1tab>|1.2.1<space|2spc>Character Input and Output
 475       <datoms|<macro|x|<repeat|<arg|x>|<with|font-series|medium|<with|font-size|1|<space|0.2fn>.<space|0.2fn>>>>>|<htab|5mm>>
 476       <no-break><pageref|auto-4>>
 477     </associate>
 478   </collection>
 479 </auxiliary>