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   8   <chapter|K&R Notes>
   9
  10   <section|Ch. 1: A Tutorial Introduction>
  11
  12   <subsection|Sec. 1.1: Getting Started>
  13
  14   \;
  15
  16   <\description>
  17     <item*|Exercise 1-1>Run the \P<verbatim|hello, world>\Q program on your
  18     system. Experiment with leaving out parts of the program, to see what
  19     error messages you get.
  20
  21     <item*|Exercise 1-2>Experiment to find out what happens when
  22     <cpp|printf>'s argument string contains <cpp|\\><em|c>, where <em|c> is
  23     some character not listed above.
  24   </description>
  25
  26   <subsection|Sec. 1.2: Variables and Arithmetic Expressions>
  27
  28   <\description>
  29     <item*|Exercise 1-3>Modify the temperature conversion program to bring a
  30     heading above the table.
  31
  32     <item*|Exercise 1-4>Write a program to bring the corresponding Celsius to
  33     Fahrenheit table.
  34   </description>
  35
  36   <subsection|Sec. 1.3: The For Statement>
  37
  38   <\description>
  39     <item*|Exercise 1-5>Modify the temperature conversion program to print
  40     the table in reverse order, that is, from <math|300> degrees to <math|0>.
  41   </description>
  42
  43   <subsection|Sec. 1.4: Symbolic Constants>
  44
  45   <subsection|Sec. 1.5: Character Input and Output>
  46
  47   <subsubsection|Sec. 1.5.1: File Copying>
  48
  49   <\description>
  50     <item*|Exercise 1-6>Verify that the expression <cpp|getchar() != EOF> is
  51     <math|0> or <math|1>.
  52
  53     <item*|Exercise 1-7>Write a program to print the value of <cpp|EOF>.
  54   </description>
  55
  56   <subsubsection|Sec. 1.5.2: Character Counting>
  57
  58   <subsubsection|Sec. 1.5.3: Line Counting>
  59
  60   <\description>
  61     <item*|Exercise 1-8>Write a program to count blanks, tabs, and newlines.
  62
  63     <item*|Exercise 1-9>Write a program to copy its input to its output,
  64     replacing each string of one or more blanks by a single blank.
  65
  66     <item*|Exercise 1-10>Write a program to copy its input to its output,
  67     replacing each tab by <cpp|\\t>, each backspace by <cpp|\\b>, and each
  68     backslash by <cpp|\\\\>. This makes tabs and backspaces visible in an
  69     unambiguous way.
  70   </description>
  71
  72   <subsubsection|Sec. 1.5.4: Word Counting>
  73
  74   <\description>
  75     <item*|Exercise 1-11>How would you test the word program? What kinds of
  76     input are most likely to uncover bugs if there are any?
  77
  78     <item*|Exercise 1-12>Write a program that prints its input one word per
  79     line.
  80   </description>
  81
  82   <subsection|Sec. 1.6: Arrays>
  83
  84   <\description>
  85     <item*|Exercise 1-13>Write a program to print a histogram of the lengths
  86     of words in its input. IT is easy to draw the histogram with the bars
  87     horizontal; a vertical orientation is more challenging.
  88
  89     <item*|Exercise 1-14>Write a program to print a histogram of the
  90     frequencies of different characters in its input.
  91   </description>
  92
  93   <subsection|Sec 1.7: Functions>
  94
  95   <\description>
  96     <item*|Exercise 1-15>Rewrite the temperature conversion program of
  97     Section 1.2 to use a function for conversion.
  98   </description>
  99
 100   <subsection|Sec 1.8: Arguments\UCall by Value>
 101
 102   <subsection|Sec 1.9: Character Arrays>
 103
 104   <\description>
 105     <item*|Exercise 1-16>Revise the main routine of the longest-line program
 106     so it will correctly print the length of arbitrarily long input lines,
 107     and as much as possible of the text.
 108
 109     <item*|Exercise 1-17>Write a program to print all input lines that are
 110     longer than <math|80> characters.
 111
 112     <item*|Exercise 1-18>Write a program to remove trailing blanks and tabs
 113     from each line of input, and to delete entirely blank lines.
 114
 115     <item*|Exercise 1-19>Write a function <cpp|reverse(s)> that reverses the
 116     character string <cpp|s>. Use it to write a program that reverses its
 117     input a line at a time.
 118   </description>
 119
 120   <subsection|Sec 1.10: External Variables and Scope>
 121
 122   <\description>
 123     <item*|Exercise 1-20>Write a program <cpp|detab> that replaces tabs in
 124     the input with the proper number of blanks to space to the next tab stop.
 125     Assume a fixed set of tab stops, say every <em|n> columns. Should <em|n>
 126     be a variable or a symbolic parameter?
 127
 128     <item*|Exercise 1-21>Write a program <cpp|entab> that replaces strings of
 129     blanks by the minimum number of tabs and blanks to achieve the same
 130     spacing. Use the same tab stops as for <cpp|detab>. When either a tab or
 131     a single blank would suffice to each a tab stop, which should be given
 132     preference?
 133
 134     <item*|Exercise 1-22>Write a program to \Pfold\Q long input lines into
 135     two or more shorter lines after the last non-blank character that occurs
 136     before the <em|n>-th column of input. Make sure your program does
 137     something intelligent with very long lines, and if there are no blanks or
 138     tabs before the specified column.
 139
 140     <item*|Exercise 1-23>Write a program to remove all comments from a
 141     <name|C> program. Don't forget to handle quoted strings and character
 142     constants properly. <name|C> comments do not nest.
 143
 144     <item*|Exercise 1-24>Write a program to check a <name|C> program for
 145     rudimentary syntax errors like unbalanced parentheses, brackets and
 146     braces. Don't forget about quotes, both single and double, escape
 147     sequences, and comments. (This program is hard if you do it in full
 148     generality.)
 149   </description>
 150
 151   <section|Ch2: Types, Operators, and Expressions>
 152
 153   <subsection|Sec 2.1: Variable names>
 154
 155   <subsection|Sec 2.2: Data Types and Sizes>
 156
 157   <\description>
 158     <item*|Exercise 2-1>Write a program to determine the ranges of
 159     <cpp|char>, <cpp|short>, <cpp|int>, and <cpp|long> variables, both
 160     <cpp|signed> and <cpp|unsigned>, by printing appropriate values from
 161     standard headers and by direct computation. Harder if you compute them:
 162     determine the ranges of the various floating-point types.
 163   </description>
 164
 165   <subsection|Sec 2.3: Constants>
 166
 167   <subsection|Sec 2.4: Declarations>
 168
 169   <subsection|Sec 2.5: Arithmetic Operators>
 170
 171   <subsection|Sec 2.6: Relational and Logical Operators>
 172
 173   <\description>
 174     <item*|Exercise 2-2>Write a loop equivalent to the <cpp|for> loop above
 175     without using <cpp|&&> or <cpp|\|\|>.
 176   </description>
 177
 178   <subsection|Sec 2.7: Type Conversions>
 179
 180   <\description>
 181     <item*|Exercise 2-3>Write the function <cpp|htoi(s)>, which converts a
 182     string of hexadecimal digits (including an optional <cpp|0x> or <cpp|0X>)
 183     into its equivalent integer value. The allowable digits are <cpp|0>
 184     through <cpp|9>, <cpp|a> through <cpp|f>, and <cpp|A> through <cpp|F>.
 185   </description>
 186
 187   <subsection|Sec 2.8: Increment and Decrement Operators>
 188
 189   <\description>
 190     <item*|Exercise 2-4>Write an alternate version of <cpp|squeeze(s1,s2)>
 191     that deletes each character in <cpp|s1> that matches any character in the
 192     <em|string> <cpp|s2>.
 193
 194     <item*|Exercise 2-5>Write the function <cpp|any(s1,s2)>, which returns
 195     the first location in the string <cpp|s1> where any character fromt he
 196     string <cpp|s2> occurs, or <cpp|-1> if <cpp|s1> contains no characters
 197     from <cpp|s2>. (The standard library function <cpp|strpbrk> does the same
 198     job but returns a pointer to the location.)
 199   </description>
 200
 201   <subsection|Sec 2.9: Bitwise Operators>
 202
 203   <\description>
 204     <item*|Exercise 2-6>Write a function <cpp|setbits(x,p,n,y)> that returns
 205     <cpp|x> with the <cpp|n> bits that begin at position <cpp|p> set to the
 206     rightmost <cpp|n> bits of <cpp|y>, leaving the other bits unchanged.
 207
 208     <item*|Exercise 2-7>Write a function <cpp|invert(x,p,n)> that returns
 209     <cpp|x> with the <cpp|n> bits that begin at position <cpp|p> inverted
 210     (i.e. <math|1> changed into <math|0> and vice versa), leaving the others
 211     unchanged.
 212
 213     <item*|Exercise 2-8>Write a function <cpp|rightrot(x,n)> that returns the
 214     value of the integer <cpp|x> rotated to the right by <cpp|n> bit
 215     positions.
 216   </description>
 217
 218   <subsection|Sec 2.10: Assignment Operators and Expressions>
 219
 220   <\description>
 221     <item*|Exercise 2-9>In a two\<#2019\>s complement number system, <cpp|x
 222     &= (x-1)> deletes the rightmost <math|1>-bit in <cpp|x>. Explain why. Use
 223     this observation to write a faster version of <cpp|bitcount>.
 224   </description>
 225
 226   <subsection|Sec 2.11: Conditional Expressions>
 227
 228   <\description>
 229     <item*|Exercise 2-10>Rewrite the function <cpp|lower>, which converts
 230     upper case letters to lower case, with a conditional expression instead
 231     of <cpp|if-else>.
 232   </description>
 233
 234   <subsection|Sec 2.12: Precedence and Order of Evaluation>
 235
 236   \;
 237
 238   \;
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