--- /dev/null
+{{Short description|Class of partially reusable crew capsules}}
+{{redirect-distinguish|Rosie the Rocketeer|Rosie the Rocketer|Rosie the Riveter}}
+{{Use American English|date=June 2020}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
+{{Infobox spacecraft class
+| name = Boeing Starliner
+| names_list = Boeing CST-100
+| image = Boeing's Starliner crew ship approaches the space station (iss067e066735) (cropped).jpg
+| image_caption = [[Boeing Starliner Spacecraft 2]] approaching the ISS in May 2022, during [[Orbital Flight Test 2]]
+| image_size =
+| manufacturer = [[Boeing]]
+| country = United States
+| operator = Boeing
+| applications = [[International Space Station|ISS]] crew and cargo transport
+| spacecraft_type = Crewed capsule
+| design_life = {{plainlist|
+* 60 hrs. (free flight)<ref name="Reiley2011">{{cite conference |chapter-url=http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/Space_2011_Boeing.pdf |chapter=Design Considerations for a Commercial Crew Transportation System |conference=AIAA SPACE 2011 Conference & Exposition. September 27–29, 2011. Long Beach, California |first1=Keith |last1=Reiley |first2=Michael |last2=Burghardt |first3=Michael |last3=Wood |first4=Jay |last4=Ingham |first5=Michael |last5=Lembeck |title=AIAA SPACE 2011 Conference & Exposition |year=2011 |doi=10.2514/6.2011-7101 |isbn=978-1-60086-953-2 |access-date=May 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501135247/http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/Space_2011_Boeing.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+* 210 days (docked)<ref name="avweek20130724">{{cite news|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/boeing-refines-cst-100-commercial-crew-capsule-approach|title=Boeing Refines {{nowrap|CST-100}} Commercial Crew Capsule Approach|publisher=Aviation Week|first=Mark|last=Carreau|date=July 24, 2013|access-date=May 8, 2014}}</ref>
+}}
+| launch_mass = {{cvt|13,000|kg}}
+| dry_mass =
+| payload_capacity = To [[ISS]]: 4 crew and {{cvt|100|kg}} cargo<ref name="CCpresskit2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/commercial_crew_press_kit_2.pdf?emrc=d5924a|title=Commercial Crew Program Press it|publisher=NASA|date=October 1, 2015|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref>{{efn|The first piloted [[Boeing Crewed Flight Test]] mission carries 2 crew plus {{cvt|344|kg}} of cargo.<ref name="PackingStarline">{{cite news|url=https://www.boeing.com/features/2024/02/packing-starliner-cargo-is-a-balancing-act|title=Packing Starliner cargo is a balancing act|publisher=Boeing|date=February 28, 2024|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref>}}
+| crew_capacity = Up to 7
+| dimensions =
+| volume = {{cvt|11|m3}}<ref name="gunther">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/cst-100.htm|title=Starliner (CST-100)|publisher=Gunther's Space Page|first=Gunther|last=Krebs|date=April 2017|access-date=April 11, 2017}}</ref>
+| power =
+| batteries =
+| equipment =
+| orbits = [[Low Earth orbit]]
+| status = In development and testing
+| built = 3
+| orders =
+| launched = 2
+| operational =
+| retired = 1
+| failed =
+| lost =
+| first = December 20, 2019, 11:36:43 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (uncrewed)
+| last = May 19, 2022, 22:54:47
+| lastretired =
+| insignia = Boeing Starliner logo.svg
+| insignia_caption =
+| insignia_size = 200px
+| diameter = {{cvt|4.56|m|0}}<ref name="boeing201108">{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2%20Boeing%20CST-100%20Overview.pdf|title=Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System|publisher=Boeing|first=Mike|last=Burghardt|date=August 2011|access-date=May 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501134630/http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2%20Boeing%20CST-100%20Overview.pdf|archive-date=May 1, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+| length = {{cvt|5.03|m}} (CM and SM)<ref name="boeing201108"/>
+}}
+
+The '''Boeing Starliner''' (or '''CST-100'''{{efn|CST is an initialism for Crew Space Transportation.}}) is a class of partially [[reusable spacecraft]] designed to transport crew to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) and other low-Earth-orbit destinations.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20295&item=849 |title=Boeing Submits Proposal for NASA Commercial Crew Transport System |publisher=Boeing |first1=Edmund G. |last1=Memi |first2=Adam K. |last2=Morgan |date=September 23, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americaspace.com/2015/09/04/boeings-new-cst-100-starliner-processing-facility-taking-shape-at-ksc/ |title=Boeing's New CST-100 'Starliner' Processing Facility Taking Shape at KSC |date=September 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="CCP - Press Kit">[https://www.nasa.gov/specials/ccp-press-kit/main.html NASA.gov]{{PD-notice}}</ref> It is manufactured by [[Boeing]], with the [[Commercial Crew Program]] (CCP) of NASA as the anchor customer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner#customers |title=CST-100 Starliner - Customers |publisher=Boeing}}</ref> The spacecraft consists of a reusable [[Space capsule|crew capsule]] and an expendable service module.
+
+The capsule has a diameter of {{Convert|4.56|m|4=0|order=flip}}, slightly larger than either the [[Apollo command and service module#Command module (CM)|Apollo command module]] or SpaceX [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]] and smaller than the Artemis [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion capsule]].<ref name="boeing201108"/> Starliner can hold a crew of up to seven people and can remain docked to the ISS for up to seven months. The Starliner capsule is designed for reuse on up to ten missions.<ref name=boeing20160125>{{cite web |url=http://www.boeing.com/space/crew-space-transportation-100-vehicle |title=Boeing: Crew Space Transportation (CST) System |publisher=Boeing |access-date=January 25, 2016}}</ref> Starliner is launched on [[Atlas V]] from [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41|Space Launch Complex 41]] at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.
+
+After several rounds of competitive development contracts within the Commercial Crew Program starting in 2010, NASA selected Starliner, along with the SpaceX Crew Dragon, for the [[Development of the Commercial Crew Program#CCtCap|Commercial Crew Transportation Capability]] (CCtCap) contract round.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20295&item=1054|title=NASA Selects Boeing for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Award to Study Crew Capsule-based Design|publisher=Boeing|first1=Edmund G. |last1=Memi|first2=Michael N.|last2=Gold|date=February 2, 2010}}</ref><ref name="aw20110422">{{cite news|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/five-vehicles-vie-future-us-human-spaceflight|title=Five Vehicles Vie For Future Of U.S. Human Spaceflight|publisher=Aviation Week|first=Frank|last=Morring, Jr.|date=April 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509041748/http://aviationweek.com/awin/five-vehicles-vie-future-us-human-spaceflight|archive-date=May 9, 2014|url-status=live|quote="the CCDev-2 awards... went to Blue Origin, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corp. and Space Exploration Technologies Inc. (SpaceX)}}</ref><ref name="spacenews.com">{{cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/civil/120803-boeing-spacex-sierra-ccicap.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104234510/http://spacenews.com/civil/120803-boeing-spacex-sierra-ccicap.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 4, 2013|title=Boeing, SpaceX and Sierra Nevada Win CCiCAP Awards |publisher=SpaceNews|date=August 3, 2012}}</ref><ref name="nasa.gov">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2014/09/16/boeing-and-spacex-selected-to-build-americas-new-crew-space-transportation-system/|title=Boeing and SpaceX Selected to Build America's New Crew Space Transportation System|publisher=NASA|date=September 16, 2014|access-date=April 6, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The first crewed test flight test was initially planned to occur in 2017.<ref name="nasa.gov"/>
+
+After a lengthy development process with multiple delays, Boeing flew the [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2|Orbital Flight Test 2]] on May 19, 2022. The [[Boeing Crewed Flight Test|Crewed Flight Test]] was tentatively scheduled for a launch date of May 6, 2024, but due to a problem with an oxygen valve on the ULA Atlas rocket, the May 6 launch date was postponed. NASA hopes that the valve issue might be easily solved to enable the rescheduling of the launch over the next few days.<ref name="space.com-20240404">{{Cite web |date=4 April 2024 |title=Boeing's 1st Starliner astronaut launch delayed again, to May 6 |url=https://www.space.com/boeing-starliner-cft-astronaut-launch-delay-may-6 |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="may_6_scrub">{{cite web |author = William Harwood |date = May 6, 2024 |title = Starliner launch scrubbed by trouble with a valve in the Atlas 5’s Centaur upper stage |url = https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/05/07/starliner-launch-scrubbed-by-trouble-with-a-valve-in-the-atlas-5s-centaur-upper-stage/ |work = Spaceflight Now |access-date = May 6, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240507022259/https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/05/07/starliner-launch-scrubbed-by-trouble-with-a-valve-in-the-atlas-5s-centaur-upper-stage/ |archive-date = May 7, 2024 |url-status = live}}</ref> The May flight is hoped to be the last test flight before Starliner enters operational service with the [[Boeing Starliner-1|Starliner-1]] mission in 2025.
+
+== Spacecraft characteristics ==
+[[File:CST-100 mock-up scene.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Starliner mockup, capsule without service module]]
+
+The spacecraft consists of a reusable capsule and an expendable service module and is designed for missions to [[low Earth orbit]]. The capsule accommodates seven passengers, or a mix of crew and cargo. For NASA missions to the ISS it will carry four passengers and a small amount of cargo. The Starliner capsule uses a weldless, spun-formed, structure and is reusable up to 10 times with a six-month turnaround time. Boeing plans to alternate between two reusable crew modules for all planned Starliner missions. Each flight uses a new service module, which provides propulsion and power-generation capacity for the spacecraft. Starliner features wireless Internet and tablet technology for crew interfaces.<ref name="Boeing20200708">{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/|title=A 21st Century Space Capsule|publisher=Boeing|access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref>
+
+Starliner uses the [[NASA Docking System]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/08/nasa-outlines-plans-commercial-crew-certification/|title=NASA Outlines its Plans for Commercial Crew Certification|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|first=Yves-A.|last=Grondin|date=August 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGZWIR0Prhk&t=26m57s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/yGZWIR0Prhk |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live |title=Commercial Space Flight Panel |website=youtube.com |publisher=SpaceUp Houston |year=2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2011/03/23/22339/|title=Update on Boeing CST-100 Crew program |publisher=Parabolic Arc|first=Doug|last=Messier|date=March 23, 2011}}</ref> Boeing modified the design of the Starliner docking system prior to OFT-2, adding a re-entry cover below the expendable nosecone for additional protection during [[atmospheric entry]], similar to the one used in the [[SpaceX Dragon 2]] nosecone. This was tested on the OFT-2 mission. As in the SpaceX design this re-entry cover is hinged.<ref name="SFN20200825" /><ref name="sfn20210118" /><ref name="space20210121" />
+
+The capsule uses the Boeing Lightweight Ablator for its re-entry [[heat shield]].<ref name="sfin20150728">{{cite news |url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/commercial/boeings-cst-100-takes-shape-at-former-nasa-facility/ |title=Boeing's CST-100 takes shape at former NASA facility |publisher=Spaceflight Insider |first=Joe |last=Latrell |date=July 28, 2015 |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref>
+
+[[Solar cell]]s provided by Boeing subsidiary [[Spectrolab]] are installed onto the aft face of the service module, providing 2.9 [[kW]] of electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compoundsemi.com/spectrolab-solar-cells-power-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/ |title=Spectrolab Solar Cells to Power Boeing's Starliner Spacecraft |date=November 17, 2016 |access-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805083305/http://www.compoundsemi.com/spectrolab-solar-cells-power-boeings-starliner-spacecraft/ |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The service module includes four Rocketdyne [[RS-88]] engines burning [[hypergolic propellant]]s, which will be used for [[launch escape system|launch escape capability]] in the event of an abort.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weitering|first1=Hanneke|date=April 24, 2019|title=The Emergency Launch Abort Systems of SpaceX and Boeing Explained|url=https://www.space.com/launch-abort-systems-of-spacex-boeing.html|access-date=February 6, 2020|publisher=SPACE.com}}</ref>
+
+In addition to the capsule and service module, a {{cvt|1.78|m||adj=mid|-long}} structure called an aeroskirt is integrated into the launch vehicle adapter of Atlas V. The aeroskirt provides aerodynamic stability and dampens the shock waves that come from the front of the rocket.<ref>{{cite news|title=Boeing's Starliner Atlas V Rocket Ride Is Wearing a 'Skirt' for Launch. Here's Why.|author=Mike Wall |date=December 19, 2019|url=https://www.space.com/boeing-starliner-atlas-v-rocket-aeroskirt-explained.html|website=space.com|access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref>
+
+==History==
+{{further|Development of the Commercial Crew Program}}
+[[File:KSC-20180619-PH BOE01 0004 (41276984680).jpg|thumb|right|2018 Starliner assembly process]]
+Starliner was unveiled in 2010 as the ''CST-100'', as Boeing's first commercially developed [[space capsule]], where the company would take on the financial risk for development, rather than the US government under [[cost-plus contract]]ing. The company stated that the capsule would draw upon Boeing's experience with NASA's [[Apollo program|Apollo]], [[Space Shuttle]] and [[International Space Station|ISS]] programs as well as the [[Orbital Express]] project sponsored by the Department of Defense.<ref name=sfn20100721>{{cite news |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1007/21boeing/ |title=Boeing space capsule could be operational by 2015 |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=July 21, 2010 |accessdate=September 18, 2011}}</ref> The new design was intended to be compatible with multiple launch vehicles, including the [[United Launch Alliance|ULA]] [[Atlas V]] and [[Delta IV]], and the [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 9]] at the time,<ref name=lindermoyer201002>{{cite conference |url=http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf |title=Commercial Crew and Cargo Program |conference=13th Annual FAA Commercial Space Transportation Conference February 10–11, 2010 Arlington, Virginia |first=Alan |last=Lindenmoyer |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305034240/http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2010}}</ref><ref name=sdc20180803>{{cite news |url=https://www.space.com/41367-commercial-crew-spacecraft-starliner-dragon.html|title=Crew Dragon and Starliner: A Look at the Upcoming Astronaut Taxis |last=Wall|first=Mike |publisher=SPACE.com|date=August 3, 2018|access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref> In July 2010, Boeing stated that the capsule could be operational as early as 2015 with sufficient near-term approvals and funding.<ref name=sfn20100721/>
+
+In October 2011, NASA announced that the [[Orbiter Processing Facility|Orbiter Processing Facility-3]] at [[Kennedy Space Center]] would be leased to Boeing for manufacture and test of Starliner, through a partnership with [[Space Florida]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/oct/HQ_11-349_KSC_Agreement.html |title=NASA Signs Agreement with Space Florida to Reuse Kennedy Facilities |publisher=NASA |first1=David |last1=Weaver |first2=Michael |last2=Curie |first3=Amber |last3=Philman |first4=Tina |last4=Lange |first5=Paula |last5=Korn |date=October 31, 2011}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
+
+On September 16, 2014, NASA chose Boeing (Starliner) and [[SpaceX]] ([[SpaceX Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]]) as the two companies to be funded to develop systems to transport U.S. government crews to and from the International Space Station. Boeing won a US$4.2 billion contract to complete and certify the Starliner by 2017, while SpaceX won a US$2.6 billion contract to complete and certify their crewed Dragon spacecraft. The contracts include at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut aboard. Once the Starliner achieves NASA certification, the initial contract required Boeing to conduct at least two, and as many as six, crewed missions to the space station.<ref name="September2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international |title=NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station |publisher=NASA |first1=Stephanie |last1=Schierholz |first2=Stephanie |last2=Martin |date=September 16, 2014 |access-date=September 18, 2014}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> NASA's [[William H. Gerstenmaier]] had considered the Starliner proposal as stronger than the Crew Dragon and [[Sierra Nevada Corporation|Sierra Nevada]]'s [[Dream Chaser]] spacecraft.<ref name="avweek20141013">{{cite news|url=http://aviationweek.com/space/why-nasa-rejected-sierra-nevadas-commercial-crew-vehicle|title=Why NASA Rejected Sierra Nevada's Commercial Crew Vehicle|publisher=Aviation Week|first=Guy|last=Norris|date=October 11, 2014|access-date=October 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013135535/http://aviationweek.com/space/why-nasa-rejected-sierra-nevadas-commercial-crew-vehicle|archive-date=October 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+{{As of|2014}}, the capsule was to include one [[spaceflight participant|space tourist]] seat, and the Boeing contract with NASA would allow Boeing to price and sell [[space transport|passage]] to low-Earth orbit using that seat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/boeing-space-taxi-has-tourist-seat-1.2770088 |title=Boeing space taxi has tourist seat |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Company |agency=Thomson Reuters |date=September 18, 2014 |accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref>
+
+On September 4, 2015, Boeing announced that the spacecraft would officially be called the CST-100 Starliner, evoking connections to the company's airliners.<ref name="sfn20150904">{{cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/09/04/boeing-names-its-commercial-spaceship-the-starliner/|title=Enter the Starliner: Boeing names its commercial spaceship|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=September 4, 2015|access-date=September 4, 2015}}</ref> In November 2015, NASA announced that it had dropped Boeing from consideration in the multibillion-dollar [[Commercial Resupply Services]] competition to fly cargo to the International Space Station.<ref name="sfinside20151106">{{cite news |url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/commercial/nasa-delays-crs-2-awards-again-drops-boeing-from-consideration/ |title=NASA delays CRS 2 awards again, drops Boeing from consideration |publisher=Spaceflight Insider |first=Jason |last=Rhian |date=November 6, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2015}}</ref>
+
+In May 2016, Boeing delayed its first scheduled Starliner launch from 2017 to early 2018.<ref name=ars20161011/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/05/boeings-first-flight-slips-its-now-up-to-spacex-to-wean-nasa-off-russia/|title=Boeing's first crewed Starliner launch slips to 2018|publisher=Ars Technica|first=Eric|last=Berger|date=May 11, 2016|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref> Then in October 2016, Boeing delayed its program by six months, from early 2018 to late 2018, following supplier holdups and a production problem on the Spacecraft 2. By 2016, they were hoping to fly NASA astronauts to the ISS by December 2018.<ref name=ars20161011>{{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/10/boeing-delays-starliner-again-casting-doubt-on-commercial-flights-in-2018/|title=Boeing delays Starliner again, casting doubt on commercial flights in 2018|publisher=Ars Technica|first=Eric|last=Berger|date=October 11, 2016|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref><ref name="avweek20161010">{{cite news |url=http://aviationweek.com/new-space/boeing-delays-cst-100-still-targets-2018-iss-mission|title=Boeing Delays CST-100, Still Targets 2018 ISS Mission|publisher=Aviation Week & Space Technology|first=Guy |last=Norris|date=October 10, 2016|access-date=October 11, 2016}}</ref>
+
+In April 2018, NASA suggested that the first planned two-person flight of the Starliner, then slated for November 2018, would likely be in 2019 or 2020. It was expected to carry one additional crew member and extra supplies. Instead of staying for two weeks, as originally planned, NASA said that the expanded crew could stay at the station for as long as six months as a normal rotational flight.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-inspector-general-criticizes-additional-boeing-commercial-crew-payments/|title=NASA, Boeing Signal Regular Missions to Space Station to Be Delayed |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|first=Andy|last=Pasztor|date=April 5, 2018|access-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref>
+
+In November 2019, NASA's Office of Inspector General released a report revealing that a change to Boeing's contract had occurred in 2016,<ref name=sn20191114>{{cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-inspector-general-criticizes-additional-boeing-commercial-crew-payments/|title=NASA inspector general criticizes additional Boeing commercial crew payments|publisher=SpaceNews.com|first=Jeff|last=Foust|date=November 14, 2019|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref> stating: "For Boeing's third through sixth crewed missions, we found that NASA agreed to pay an additional $287.2 million above Boeing's fixed prices to mitigate a perceived 18-month gap in ISS flights anticipated in 2019 and to ensure the contractor continued as a second commercial crew provider", and NASA and Boeing committed to six missions instead of the last four being optional.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA's Management of Crew Transportation to the International Space Station |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-20-005.pdf |website=OIG.NASA.gov |date=November 14, 2019|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref>
+
+After the failure of its first uncrewed orbital test flight in late 2019, NASA agreed that Boeing would fund another uncrewed orbital test, [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2|OFT 2]], in August 2021. That launch was stopped late in the countdown due to valve problems. By late September 2021, Boeing had not determined the root cause of the problem, and the flight was delayed indefinitely.<ref name=WP20210924/> After analysis and corrective actions it was launched on May 19, 2022, and completed a successful mission to the ISS, clearing the way for the crewed flight test.<ref name=ARS20220701>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/07/yes-boeings-starliner-spacecraft-really-could-fly-astronauts-this-year/ |title=Yes, Boeing's Starliner spacecraft really could fly astronauts this year |date=July 1, 2022 |access-date=July 1, 2022 |first=Eric |last=Berger |website= Ars Technica}}</ref>
+
+After various delays pushed the planned launch of the [[Boeing Crewed Flight Test|Crewed Flight Test]] to July 2023,<ref name="sn-20230329">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/starliner-crewed-test-flight-delayed-to-july/ |title=Starliner crewed test flight delayed to July |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=29 March 2023 |access-date=30 March 2023}}</ref> Boeing announced in June 2023 that it would delay indefinitely due to issues with the parachute system and wiring harnesses.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Eric |title=Boeing finds two serious problems with Starliner just weeks before launch |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/06/boeing-stands-down-from-starliner-launch-to-address-recently-found-problems/ |work=Ars Technica |date=June 1, 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref> The mission entails flying a crew of two NASA astronauts to the [[International Space Station]] for a one-week test flight.
+
+=== Funding ===
+[[File:Touch Down During CST-100 Test.jpg|thumb|right|Touch down during CST-100 test]]
+Boeing funded development of Starliner in 2010<!-- initially named CST-100 --> only after both commercial space station opportunities and NASA commercial crew contracts on offer allowed the [[business case]] to close. While the company had received $18 million under the NASA [[Commercial Crew Development]] (CCDev) contract by 2010 for early design work, substantial Boeing private funds would be required to complete development, even with Boeing competing for additional NASA contracts.<ref name=sfn20100721/> This exposed Boeing to ordinary business financial risk that had not been a large part of traditional [[cost-plus contract]]ing that Boeing had previously done for work on space capsules.
+
+Boeing was awarded a US$92.3 million contract by NASA in April 2011 to continue to develop the CST-100 under [[Commercial Crew Development#CCDev 2|CCDev phase 2]].<ref name="ft20110418">{{cite news |url=http://space.flatoday.net/2011/04/nasa-awards-270-million-for-commercial.html|title=NASA awards US$270 million for commercial crew efforts|newspaper=Florida Today|series=The Flame Trench|first=James |last=Dean|date=April 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419234227/http://space.flatoday.net/2011/04/nasa-awards-270-million-for-commercial.html|archive-date=April 19, 2011}}</ref> On August 3, 2012, NASA announced the award of US$460 million to Boeing to continue work on the CST-100 under the [[Commercial Crew Development#Commercial Crew integrated Capability|Commercial Crew Integrated Capability]] (CCiCap) program.<ref name="spacenews.com"/>
+
+Due to delays and technical problems, Boeing has taken a number of [[General ledger|charges against earnings]] for the Starliner program by 2022. This includes $410 million in 2020, $185 million in October 2021,<ref name="SPO20211028">{{cite web |url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/boeing-takes-additional-185-million-earnings-charge-for-starliner/ |title=Boeing Takes Additional $185 Million Earnings Charge For Starliner |first=Marcia |last=Smith |publisher=SpacePolicyOnline.com |date= October 27, 2021|access-date= October 28, 2021}}</ref> and $288 million through the third quarter of 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Boeing's Starliner charges approach $900 million |url=https://spacenews.com/boeings-starliner-charges-approach-900-million/ |last=Foust|first=Jeff |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=26 October 2022 |access-date=29 October 2022 }}</ref>
+
+==Launch profile==
+The [[Atlas V N22]] (no fairing, two SRBs, and two Centaur engines) launches the Starliner. After passing through the stages of [[max q|max ''q'']], SRB jettison, booster separation, Centaur ignition, nosecone and aeroskirt jettison, it finally releases the Starliner spacecraft at stage separation, nearly 15 minutes after lift-off on a {{cvt|181|km||adj=mid|-high}} suborbital trajectory, just below the [[orbital speed|orbital velocity]] needed to enter a stable orbit around Earth. After separating from the [[Centaur (rocket stage)#Dual Engine Centaur (DEC)|Dual Engine Centaur]], the Starliner's own thrusters, mounted on its service module, boost the spacecraft into orbit to continue its journey to the [[International Space Station]].
+
+The suborbital trajectory is unusual for a satellite launch, but it is [[Space Shuttle#Launch|similar to the technique]] used by the [[Space Shuttle]] and [[Space Launch System]]. It makes sure the upper stage of the rocket re-enters the atmosphere in a controlled way. The Starliner's orbit insertion burn begins about 31 minutes into the mission and lasts 45 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/05/19/boeings-starliner-crew-capsule-takes-off-on-long-awaited-test-flight/ |author=Stephen Clark |title=Boeing's Starliner crew capsule takes off on long-awaited test flight |website=Spaceflight Now |date=May 19, 2022}}</ref>
+
+The N22 configuration is specific to Starliner. All other Atlas V payloads require fairings, but Starliner cannot use a fairing because it must be able to perform a "launch abort". In addition, all other Atlas V payloads use the single-engine version of the Centaur upper stage, but Starliner uses the two-engine version to provide more flexible abort options in the case of failures in the later phases of the launch. These changes increase crew safety. Starliner is the only crewed payload for Atlas V.
+
+== Development ==
+[[File:CST-100 pressure vessel.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Starliner pressure vessel at the former [[Orbiter Processing Facility]] in October 2011, showing its [[isogrid]] construction]]
+[[File:Boeing’s Wind Tunnel testing of the CST-100.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Wind-tunnel testing of Starliner's outer mold line in December 2011]]
+The CST-100 (Crew Space Transportation-100) name was first used when the capsule was revealed to the public by [[Bigelow Aerospace]] CEO [[Robert Bigelow]] in June 2010.<ref name="bigelow">{{cite press release|url=http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/2010/06/bigelow-aerospace-joins-the-commercial-spaceflight-federation/|title=Bigelow Aerospace Joins the Commercial Spaceflight Federation|publisher=Commercial Spaceflight Federation|first1=John|last1=Gedmark|first2=Mike|last2=Gold|date=June 16, 2010}}</ref> The letters CST stand for Crew Space Transportation.<ref name=boeing20110912/> It was often reported that the number 100 in the name stands for {{cvt|100|km}}, the height of the [[Kármán line]], which is one of several definitions of the boundary of space.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20295&item=1323|title=Boeing CST-100 Spacecraft to Provide Commercial Crew Transportation Services|publisher=Boeing|first1=Edmund G.|last1=Memi|first2=Adam K. |last2=Morgan|date=July 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.space.com/8785-spaceship-fly-people-private-space-stations.html|title=New Spaceship Could Fly People to Private Space Stations |publisher=SPACE.com|first=Denise|last=Chow|date=July 19, 2010}}</ref> The design draws upon Boeing's experience with NASA's [[Apollo program|Apollo]], [[Space Shuttle]] and [[International Space Station|ISS]] programs, as well as the [[Orbital Express]] project sponsored by the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]].<ref name=sfn20100721/> ([[Boeing Starliner-1|Starliner]] has no [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] heritage, but it is sometimes confused with the earlier and similar Orion-derived [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion Lite]] proposal that [[Bigelow Aerospace]] was reportedly working on with technical assistance from [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref name="MSNBCspace200908">{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/32418057/ns/technology_and_science-space/|title=Company pitches 'lite' spaceship to NASA|publisher=NBC News|first=Amy|last=Klamper|date=August 14, 2009|access-date=September 7, 2009}}</ref>)
+
+Receiving the full fixed-price payments for the Commercial Crew Program Phase 1 [[Space Act Agreement]] required a set of specific milestones to be met during 2010:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/444144main_NNJ10TA03S_boeing_saa.pdf|title=Space Act Agreement Between NASA and The Boeing Company for Commercial Crew Development (CCDev)|author=CCDev |publisher=NASA|date=February 2010}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
+* Trade study and down-select between pusher-type and tractor-style [[launch escape system]]
+* System definition review
+* Abort system hardware demonstration test
+* Base heat shield fabrication demonstration
+* Avionics systems integration facility demonstration
+* CM pressure shell fabrication demonstration
+* Landing system demonstration ([[drop test]] and water uprighting test)
+* Life-support air revitalization demonstration
+* Autonomous rendezvous and docking (AR&D) hardware/software demonstration
+* Crew module mockup demonstration.
+
+Part of the agreement with NASA allows Boeing to sell seats for space tourists on CCP flights to the ISS. Boeing proposed including one seat per flight for a space-flight participant at a price that would be competitive with what [[Roscosmos]] charges tourists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/boeing-space-idUSL1N0RI2XY20140917 |title=Boeing's 'space taxi' includes seat for a tourist |work=Reuters |first=Irene |last=Klotz |date=September 17, 2014 |access-date=August 6, 2015 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204556/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/17/boeing-space-idUSL1N0RI2XY20140917 |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the contract the Starliners are owned and operated by Boeing, not NASA, and Boeing is free to offer non-CCP commercial flights if they do not interfere with the contracted CCP flights.
+
+Boeing designed the capsule to make airbag-cushioned landings on the ground rather than [[Splashdown|into water]] like earlier US space capsules, with five landing areas planned in the [[Western United States]], enabling ≈450 landing opportunities each year.<ref name=sfn20150922>{{cite news |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/09/22/boeing-identifies-cst-100-prime-landing-sites/ |title=Boeing identifies CST-100 prime landing sites |last=Clark |first=Stephen |publisher=Spaceflight Now |date=22 September 2015 |accessdate=5 August 2018}}</ref>
+
+== Testing ==
+{{multiple images
+| direction = vertical
+| align = right
+| total_width = 270
+| image1 = CST-100 at Delamar, 2012.jpg
+| caption1 = Test of Starliner's airbags in April 2012
+| image2 = CST-100 Starliner - Pad Abort Test,49013402052 f3852e9b3d o.jpg
+| caption2 = Starliner ignites its [[RS-88]] abort engines during a pad abort test in November 2019.
+| image3 = Erickson Sky Crane helicopter 4312.jpg
+| caption3 = An Erickson Sky Crane helicopter, foreground, frames the CST-100, background in 2012. The helicopter ascends to about 7,000 feet above the playa and releases the space capsule. A second parachute drop test is scheduled in May. Again, it will be an Erickson Sky Crane helicopter that lifts and releases the CST-100.
+}}
+
+A variety of validation tests began on [[test article (aerospace)|test articles]] in 2011 and continued on actual spacecraft starting in 2019.
+
+In September 2011, Boeing announced the completion of a set of ground [[drop test]]s to validate the design of the airbag cushioning system. The airbags are located underneath the heat shield of the Starliner, which is designed to be separated from the capsule while under parachute descent at about {{cvt|1500|m}} altitude. The airbags, manufactured by ILC Dover, are deployed by filling with a mixture of compressed nitrogen and oxygen gas, not with the pyro-explosive mixture sometimes used in automotive [[Airbag#Inflation|airbags]]. The tests were carried out in the [[Mojave Desert]] of southeast California, at ground speeds between {{cvt|10|and|30|mph|order=flip}} in order to simulate crosswind conditions at the time of landing. Bigelow Aerospace built the mobile test rig and conducted the tests.<ref name="boeing20110912">{{cite news|url=http://www.boeing.com/Features/2011/09/bds_cst_100_airbag_09_12_11.html|title=Space capsule tests aim to ensure safe landings|publisher=Boeing|first=Edmund G.|last=Memi|date=September 12, 2011 |access-date=September 18, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924163725/http://www.boeing.com/Features/2011/09/bds_cst_100_airbag_09_12_11.html|archive-date=September 24, 2011}}</ref>
+
+In April 2012, Boeing dropped a mock-up of its Starliner over the [[Great Basin Desert|Nevada desert]] at the [[Delamar Dry Lake]], [[Nevada]], successfully testing the craft's three main landing parachutes from {{cvt|3400|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1204/03cst100drop/|title=Parachutes for Boeing crew capsule tested over Nevada|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark |date=April 3, 2012|access-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref>
+
+In August 2013, Boeing announced that two NASA astronauts evaluated communications, ergonomics, and crew-interface aspects of the Starliner, showing how future astronauts will operate in the spacecraft as it transports them to the International Space Station and other [[low Earth orbit]] destinations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nysebigstage.com/articles/boeing-aviationday|title=Boeing Space Capsule One Step Closer to Orbit|publisher=NYSE Big Stage|date=August 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212749/http://nysebigstage.com/articles/boeing-aviationday|archive-date=October 4, 2013}}</ref>
+
+Boeing reported in May 2016 that its test schedule would slip by eight months in order to reduce the mass of the spacecraft, address aerodynamics issues anticipated during launch and ascent on the Atlas V rocket, and meet new NASA-imposed software requirements.<ref name="spacenews-delay">{{cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/boeing-delays-first-crewed-cst-100-flight-to-2018/|title=Boeing delays first crewed CST-100 flight to 2018|publisher=SpaceNews|first=Jeff |last=Foust|date=May 12, 2016}}</ref> The [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test|Orbital Flight Test]] was scheduled for spring 2019. The booster for this Orbital Flight Test, an [[Atlas V|Atlas V N22]] rocket, was assembled at [[United Launch Alliance]]'s (ULA) facility at [[Decatur, Alabama]] by the end of 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/boeing/boeing-cst-100-starliner-one-step-closer-flight-completion-dcr/|title=Boeing CST-100 Starliner one step closer to flight with completion of DCR|publisher=Spaceflight Insider|first=Jason|last=Rhian|date=January 4, 2018|access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> The first crewed flight ([[Boeing Crewed Flight Test|Boe-CFT]]) was scheduled for summer 2019, pending test results from [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test|Boe-OFT]]. It was planned to last 14 days and carry one NASA astronaut and one Boeing test pilot to the ISS.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/11/boeing-starliner-trio-test-flights/|title=Boeing Starliner trio preparing for test flights|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|first=Chris|last=Bergin|date=November 27, 2017|access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> On April 5, 2018, NASA announced that the first planned two-person flight, originally slated for November 2018, was likely to occur in 2019 or 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nasa-boeing-signal-regular-missions-to-space-station-to-be-delayed-1522984513|title=NASA, Boeing Signal Regular Missions to Space Station to Be Delayed|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|first=Andy|last=Pasztor|date=April 5, 2018|access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> In July 2018, Boeing announced the assignment of former NASA astronaut [[Christopher Ferguson]] to the Boe-CFT mission. On August 3, 2018, NASA named its first Commercial Crew astronaut cadre of four veteran astronauts to work with SpaceX and Boeing: [[Bob Behnken|Robert Behnken]], [[Eric Boe]], [[Sunita Williams]], and [[Doug Hurley|Douglas Hurley]].<ref name=firstastronauts>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-assigns-crews-to-first-test-flights-missions-on-commercial-spacecraft|title=NASA Assigns Crews to First Test Flights, Missions on Commercial Spacecraft|publisher=NASA|author=NASA Commercial Crew|date=August 3, 2018|access-date=August 3, 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
+
+In July 2018, a test anomaly was reported in which there was a [[hypergolic propellant]] leak due to several faulty abort-system valves. Consequentially, the first unpiloted orbital mission was delayed to April 2019, and the first crew launch rescheduled to August 2019.<ref name="NASAblogcc">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2018/10/04/nasas-commercial-crew-program-target-test-flight-dates-4/ |title=NASA's Commercial Crew Program Target Test Flight Dates|date=October 4, 2018|access-date=October 5, 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/|title=Commercial Crew Program – February 6, 2019|website=blogs.nasa.gov|date=February 6, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> In March 2019, [[Reuters]] reported that these test flights had been delayed by at least three months,<ref name=reuters-20190320>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-boeing/boeing-delays-by-months-test-flights-for-us-human-space-program-sources-idUSKCN1R12QR|title=Boeing delays by months test flights for U.S. human space program: sources|author=Eric M. Johnson|work=Reuters|date=March 20, 2019|access-date=March 22, 2019}}</ref> and in April 2019 Boeing announced that the unpiloted orbital mission was scheduled for August 2019.<ref name=sfn-20190402>{{cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/04/02/boeing-confirms-delay-of-first-starliner-crew-capsule-test-flight-to-august/|title=Boeing delays first Starliner test flight to August, NASA extends duration of first crew mission|last=Clark|first=Stephen|publisher=Spaceflight Now |date=April 2, 2019|access-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref>
+
+In May 2019, all major hot-fire testing, including simulations of low-altitude abort-thruster testing, was completed using a full up to service module test article that was "flight-like", meaning that the service module test rig used in the hot-fire testing included fuel and helium tanks, reaction control system, orbital maneuvering, and attitude-control thrusters, launch abort engines and all necessary fuel lines and avionics that will be used for crewed missions. This cleared the way for the pad abort test and the subsequent uncrewed and crewed flights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/05/25/boeings-starliner-crew-capsule-completes-major-propulsion-test/|title=Boeing's Starliner crew capsule completes major propulsion test|author=Clark, Stephen |publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>
+
+A pad abort test took place on November 4, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/04/boeing-starliner-pad-abort/|title=Boeing tests crew capsule escape system|author=Clark, Stephen |publisher=Spaceflight Now|website=spaceflightnow.com|access-date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> The capsule accelerated away from its pad, but then one of the three parachutes failed to deploy, and the capsule landed with only two parachutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/starliner-flies-for-the-first-time-but-one-of-its-parachutes-failed-to-deploy/|title=Starliner flies for the first time, but one of its parachutes failed to deploy|author=Berger, Eric|publisher=Ars Technica|date=November 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2019-11-04-Boeing-statement-regarding-CST-100-Starliner-pad-abort-test|title=Boeing statement regarding CST-100 Starliner pad abort test|publisher=Boeing|date=November 4, 2019|access-date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> Landing was, however, deemed safe, and the test a success. Boeing did not expect the malfunction of one parachute to affect the Starliner development schedule.<ref name="Capsule Abort system test">{{cite web |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/04/boeing-starliner-pad-abort/|title=Boeing tests crew capsule escape system|author=Clark, Stephen|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=November 4, 2019|access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref>
+
+=== First orbital flight test ===
+{{main|Boeing Orbital Flight Test}}
+[[File:KSC-20180619-PH BOE01 0001 (42369668434).jpg|thumb|right| The upper and lower domes of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner Spacecraft 2 Crew Flight Test Vehicle were mated June 19, 2018, inside the Commercial Crew and Cargo Processing Facility (C3PF) at [[Kennedy Space Center]] in Florida. The Starliner was to launch astronauts on a [[United Launch Alliance]] [[Atlas V]] rocket to the [[International Space Station]] as part of NASA’s [[Commercial Crew Program]].]]
+[[File:Boeing CST-100 Starliner Landing (NHQ201912220104).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Starliner landed at [[White Sands Missile Range]] in [[New Mexico]] following OFT in December 2019.]]
+
+OFT-1 an uncrewed orbital flight test launched on December 20, 2019, but after deployment, an 11-hour offset in the [[Mission Elapsed Time|mission clock]] of Starliner caused the spacecraft to compute that "it was in an orbital insertion burn", when it was not. This caused the [[Reaction control system|attitude control thrusters]] to consume more fuel than planned, precluding a docking with the [[International Space Station]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/starliner-suffers-off-nominal-orbital-insertion-after-launch/|title=Starliner suffers "off-nominal" orbital insertion after launch|date=December 20, 2019 |publisher=SpaceNews|access-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/20/boeings-starliner-flies-into-wrong-orbit-jeopardizing-trip-to-the-international-space-station.html|last=Sheetz|first=Michael|date=December 20, 2019|title=Boeing Starliner fails mission, can't reach space station after flying into wrong orbit|publisher=CNBC|access-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref> The spacecraft landed at [[White Sands Missile Range]], [[New Mexico]], two days after launch.<ref name="bbc201219">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50855395|title=Boeing astronaut ship stalls in orbit|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|publisher=BBC News|date=December 20, 2019}}</ref> After the successful landing, the spacecraft was named ''Calypso'' (after the [[research vessel]] {{ship|RV|Calypso}} for the [[Oceanography|oceanographic]] researcher [[Jacques Cousteau|Jacques-Yves Cousteau]]) by the commander of the [[Boeing Starliner-1]] mission, NASA astronaut [[Sunita Williams]].<ref name="nasa221219">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/12/22/tune-in-for-starliner-postlanding-news-conference/|title=Tune in for Starliner Postlanding News Conference|last=Lewis |first=Marie|publisher=NASA Commercial Crew Program|date=December 22, 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The flight carried an [[Crash test dummy|Anthropomorphic Test Device]] (ATD) wearing Boeing's blue IVA spacesuit, named "Rosie the Rocketeer".<ref name="FloridaToday-20191121">{{cite news|url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2019/11/21/boeing-names-test-dummy-fly-aboard-first-starliner-flight-after-iconic-rosie-riveter/4230233002/|title=Remember Rosie the Riveter? Meet Rosie the Rocketeer|author=Rachael Joy|newspaper=Florida Today|date=November 21, 2019}}</ref>
+
+Two software errors detected during the test, one of which prevented a planned docking with the International Space Station, could each have led to the destruction of the spacecraft, had they not been caught and corrected in time, [[NASA]] said on February 7, 2020. A joint NASA–Boeing investigation team found that "the two critical software defects were not detected ahead of flight despite multiple safeguards", according to an agency statement. "Ground intervention prevented the loss of the vehicle in both cases". Before re-entry, engineers discovered the second critical software error that affected the thruster firings needed to safely jettison the Starliner's service module. The service module software error "incorrectly translated" the jettison thruster firing sequence.<ref name="SFN20200207">{{cite web |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/02/07/investigators-fault-boeing-for-potentially-catastrophic-software-errors-in-starliner-test-flight/|title=NASA, Boeing managers admit problems with Starliner software verification|author=Harwood, William|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=February 7, 2020|access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref>
+
+With the completion of the [[NASA]]/[[Boeing]] investigation into the Starliner OFT-1 flight of December 2019, the review team identified 80 recommendations that Boeing, in collaboration with NASA, was addressing in 2020, when action plans for each were already well under way. Since the full list of these recommendations are company-sensitive and proprietary, only those changes publicly disclosed are known.<ref name="NASA20200707">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-and-boeing-complete-orbital-flight-test-reviews|title=NASA and Boeing Complete Orbital Flight Test Reviews|publisher=NASA|date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=August 29, 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
+
+=== Second orbital flight test (uncrewed) ===
+{{main|Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2}}
+[[File:Main Parachutes Open, Airbags Inflate 4-3-12.jpg|thumb|right|Main parachutes open, airbags inflated on re-entry]]
+Because OFT-1 did not achieve its objectives, Boeing officials said on April 6, 2020 that the Starliner crew capsule would fly a second uncrewed demonstration mission, [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2|Orbital flight test 2 (OFT-2)]], before flying astronauts. NASA said that it had accepted a recommendation from Boeing to fly a second unpiloted mission. ''The Washington Post'' reported that the second orbital flight test, with much the same objectives as the first, was expected to launch from Cape Canaveral "sometime in October or November 2020". Boeing said that it would fund the unplanned crew capsule test flight "at no cost to the taxpayer". Boeing told investors earlier in 2020 that it was taking a US$410 million charge against its earnings to cover the expected costs of a second unpiloted test flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/06/after-problem-plagued-test-flight-boeing-will-refly-crew-capsule-without-astronauts/ |title=After problem-plagued test flight, Boeing will refly crew capsule without astronauts |author=Clark, Steven |publisher=Spaceflight Now |date=April 7, 2020 |access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref> Boeing officials said on August 25, 2020 that they set the stage for the first Starliner demonstration mission with astronauts in mid-2021.<ref name="SFN20200825">{{cite web |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/08/25/boeing-plans-second-starliner-test-flight-in-december-or-january/ |title=Boeing plans second Starliner test flight in December 2020 or January 2021 |author=Clark, Stephen |publisher=Spaceflight Now |date=August 25, 2020 |access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> Boeing modified the design of the Starliner docking system prior to OFT-2 to add a re-entry cover for additional protection during the capsule's fiery descent through the atmosphere. This re-entry cover is hinged, like the SpaceX design. Teams also installed the OFT-2 spacecraft's propellant heater, thermal-protection tiles, and the airbags used to cushion the capsule's landing. The crew module for the OFT-2 mission began acceptance testing in August 2020, which is designed to validate the spacecraft's systems before it is mated with its service module, according to NASA.<ref name="SFN20200825"/><ref name="sfn20210118"/><ref name="space20210121"/> On November 10, 2020, NASA's Commercial Crew Program manager Steve Stich said that the second orbital flight test would be delayed until first quarter 2021 due to software issues.<ref>{{cite web |last=Malik |first=Tariq |title=NASA says Boeing's next Starliner test flight won't launch until 2021 |date=November 11, 2020 |url=https://www.space.com/boeing-orbital-flight-test-2-early-2021-launch |access-date=November 16, 2020 |publisher=SPACE.com}}</ref> The uncrewed test continued to slip, with the OFT-2 uncrewed test flight being scheduled for March 2021 and the crewed flight targeted for a launch the following summer.<ref name="Boeing20201209">{{cite web |url=https://starlinerupdates.com/nasa-and-boeing-target-new-launch-date-for-next-starliner-flight-test/ |title=NASA and Boeing Target New Launch Date for Next Starliner Flight Test |publisher=Boeing |date=December 9, 2020 |access-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref> The launch date of OFT-2 moved again with the earliest estimated launch date set for August 2021.<ref name="starliner-20210506">{{cite web |url=https://starlinerupdates.com/boeing-and-nasa-update-launch-target-for-next-starliner-test-flight/ |title=Boeing and NASA Update Launch Target for Next Starliner Test Flight |publisher=Boeing |date=May 6, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref>
+
+During the August 2021 launch window some issues were detected with 13 propulsion-system valves in the spacecraft prior to launch. The spacecraft had already been mated to its launch rocket, [[United Launch Alliance]]'s (ULA) [[Atlas V]], and taken to the launchpad. Attempts to fix the problem while on the launchpad failed, and the rocket was returned to the ULA's VIF (Vertical Integration Facility). Attempts to fix the problem at the VIF also failed, and Boeing decided to return the spacecraft to the factory, thus cancelling the launch at that launch window.<ref name="starliner-20210813">{{cite web |url=https://starlinerupdates.com/starliner-returning-to-factory-to-resolve-valve-issue/ |title=Starliner Returning to Factory to Resolve Valve Issue |work=[[Boeing]] |date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="CNBC20120813">{{cite news |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=August 13, 2021 |title=Boeing delays test flight of Starliner crew spacecraft for at least two months after valve problems |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/13/boeing-further-delays-starliner-oft-2-crew-spacecraft-test-flight.html |work=[[CNBC]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref> There was a commercial dispute between Boeing and Aerojet Rocketdyne over responsibility for fixing the problem.<ref name=guardian-20220521>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/may/21/boeings-starliner-capsule-docks-for-first-time-with-international-space-station |title=Boeing's Starliner capsule docks for first time with International Space Station |newspaper=The Guardian |agency=Reuters |date=May 21, 2022 |access-date=May 21, 2022}}</ref> The valves had been corroded by intrusion of moisture, which interacted with the propellant, but the source of the moisture was not apparent. By late September 2021, Boeing had not determined the root cause of the problem, and the flight was delayed indefinitely.<ref name="WP20210924">{{cite news |title=Nearly two months after discovering a problem with its Starliner spacecraft, Boeing is still searching for answers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/24/boeingnasastarlinerdelay |newspaper=The Washington Post |last=Davenport |first=Christian |date=September 24, 2021 | access-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref> Through October 2021, NASA and Boeing continued to make progress and were "working toward launch opportunities in the first half of 2022",<ref name="SC20211009">{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/boeing-starliner-test-flight-oft-2-early-2022 |title=Boeing's next Starliner test launch for NASA slips to 2022 |first=Mike |last=Wall |publisher=Space.com |date= October 9, 2021|access-date= October 9, 2021}}</ref> In December 2021, Boeing decided to replace the entire service module and anticipated OFT-2 to occur in May 2022.<ref name="2021-12-20"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Berger|first=Eric|date=December 14, 2021|title=Leaky valve issue forces Boeing to swap out Starliner's service module|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/12/boeing-to-replace-starliner-service-module-make-mid-2022-launch-attempt/|access-date=December 25, 2021|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}</ref>
+
+The OFT-2 mission launched on May 19, 2022.<ref name=NSF-2022-05-19>{{cite news |url= https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/05/starliner-oft2-launch/ |title= Starliner OFT-2 launch makes it to orbit, heading to ISS |author= William Graham |date= May 19, 2022 |publisher= NasaSpaceFlight.com }}</ref> It again carried Rosie the Rocketeer test dummy suited in the blue Boeing inflight spacesuit.<ref name="boeing-2022-05-21">{{cite tweet|number=1528045424317169664|title=@NASA_Astronauts open Starliner's hatch on @Space_Station for the first time and welcome #RosieTheRocketeer and Jebediah Kerman.|user=BoeingSpace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523164110/https://twitter.com/BoeingSpace/status/1528045424317169664 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Space-2022-05-16>{{cite news |url= https://www.space.com/rosie-rocketeer-dummy-boeing-starliner-oft-2 |title= Rosie the Rocketeer: Meet the dummy flying on Boeing's OFT-2 test flight this week |author= Elizabeth Howell |date= May 16, 2022 |publisher= Space.com }}</ref> Two Orbital Maneuvering and Attitude Control System (OMACS) thrusters failed during the orbital insertion burn, but the spacecraft was able to compensate using the remaining OMACS thrusters with the addition of the Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters. A couple of RCS thrusters used to maneuver Starliner also failed during docking due to low chamber pressure. Some thermal systems used to cool the spacecraft showed extra cold temperatures, requiring engineers to manage it during the docking.<ref name=theverge-2022.05>{{cite web |last1=Grush |first1=Loren |title=Boeing's Starliner spacecraft returns to Earth, wrapping up critical test mission - The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/5/25/23138395/boeing-cst-100-starliner-nasa-undocking-landing-oft-2 |website=The Verge |access-date=19 September 2022 |date=May 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name=gizmodo-2022.05>{{cite web |last1=Rabie |first1=Passant |title=Boeing's Starliner On Track to Reach ISS Despite Propulsion Glitch |url=https://gizmodo.com/boeing-starliner-nasa-iss-spacecraft-1848954308 |website=Gizmodo |access-date=19 September 2022 |date=May 20, 2022}}</ref>
+
+On May 22, 2022, the capsule docked with the [[International Space Station]].<ref name=CNET-2022-05-21>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnet.com/science/space/boeing-docks-starliner-capsule-with-iss-years-after-failed-first-try/ |title= Boeing Successfully Docks Starliner Capsule With ISS Years After Failed First Try |author= Eric Mack |date= May 21, 2022 |publisher= CNET }}</ref> On May 25, 2022, the capsule returned from space and landed successfully.<ref name=CollectSpace-2022-05-25>{{cite news |url= http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-052522a-boeing-starliner-oft2-landing.html |title= Boeing Starliner completes Orbital Flight Test-2 with safe touchdown |date= May 25, 2022 |publisher= CollectSpace }}</ref> During reentry one of the navigation systems dropped communication with the GPS satellites, but Steve Stich, program manager for NASA's Commercial Crew Program, said this is not unexpected during reentry.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Steve |first1=Stich |title=NASA Boeing Starliner OFT-2 Post-Landing Press Conference, May 25, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiS-SzU8UM0 |website=YouTube |publisher=Space SPAN |access-date=19 September 2022 |date=25 May 2022}}</ref>
+
+=== Third orbital flight test (crewed) ===
+{{main|Boeing Crewed Flight Test}}
+
+The Starliner's crewed flight test should be the capsule's final flight test. The crewed flight test will send a two person crew to the ISS for a stay there of approximately one week. Once the flight test data has been evaluated and approved, the Starliner should then be cleared to begin regular operational flights.<ref name="sn-20221103">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/first-starliner-crewed-flight-further-delayed/ |title=First Starliner crewed flight further delayed |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=November 3, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref>
+
+Although it was originally planned for a 2017 launch,<ref name="nasa.gov"/> various delays pushed the launch back to no earlier than July 2023.<ref name="sn-20230329"/> Then on June 1, 2023, Boeing announced the flight was indefinitely delayed, due to problems with the parachute harness and flammable tape on wiring.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2023-06-01 |title=Boeing finds two serious problems with Starliner just weeks before launch |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/06/boeing-stands-down-from-starliner-launch-to-address-recently-found-problems/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> On August 7, 2023, Boeing announced that it was resuming preparations for a launch, and that it hoped to resolve the issue with the flammable tape by September 2023, and to address the parachute harness issues by November 2023.
+
+The flight was originally scheduled for liftoff on May 7, 2024 at 2:34 AM UTC time (May 6, 2024 at 10:34 PM EDT time).<ref name="space.com-20240404"/><ref>[https://www.foxweather.com/earth-space/boeing-starliner-nasa-astronaut-launch-cft Boeing Starliner ready to launch...] Fox. By Emilee Speck. May 5, 2024. Retrieved May 5, 2024.</ref> Due to an anomaly in an oxygen relief valve on the second stage, the launch was cancelled approximately two hours before the planned launch time. The hope is that the valve problem will be easily repaired so that the launch can be rescheduled in the next few days.<ref name="may_6_scrub"/><ref name="nyt_20240506_starliner">{{cite news | author = Kenneth Chang | date = May 6, 2024 | title = Boeing Starliner Flight of NASA Astronauts Is Scrubbed | url = https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/05/06/science/boeing-starliner-launch?unlocked_article_code=1.qE0.n1Jy.oB2PiGT02_S2&smid=url-share | work = New York Times | access-date = May 6, 2024 }}</ref>
+
+== Commercial use ==
+On October 25, 2021, [[Blue Origin]], Boeing, and [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]'s [[Sierra Space]] subsidiary for commercial space activities and [[space tourism]] released their plan for a commercial space station.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Davenport|first=Justin|date=October 27, 2021|title=Blue Origin, Sierra Space, and Boeing announce Orbital Reef|language=en|website=nasaspaceflight.com|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/announce-orbital-reef/|access-date=November 30, 2021}}</ref> The station, called [[Orbital Reef]], is intended as a "mixed-use business park".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chappell|first=Bill|date=October 25, 2021|title=Blue Origin says it will build an orbiting mixed-use business park in space|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/25/1049077333/blue-origin-space-station-business-park-space-orbital-reef-bezos|access-date=November 30, 2021}}</ref> Boeing was announced as a partner and Starliner, along with the Sierra Nevada Corporation's [[Dream Chaser]], was chosen as one of the commercial spacecraft to transport commercial crew to and from the space station.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grush|first=Loren|date=October 25, 2021|title=Blue Origin reveals plans for future commercial space station called Orbital Reef|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/25/22744526/blue-origin-space-station-orbital-reef-announcement|access-date=November 29, 2021|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>
+
+==Launch vehicle availability==
+Starliner is designed for compatiblity with [[Atlas V]], [[Delta IV]], [[Falcon 9]], and [[Vulcan Centaur]].<ref name=sdc20180803/> Delta IV is retired and no longer available.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berger|first=Eric|date=August 22, 2019|title=The last single-stick Delta rocket launched Thursday, and it put on a show|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/the-last-single-stick-delta-rocket-launched-thursday-and-it-put-on-a-show/|access-date=August 6, 2020|publisher=Ars Technica}}</ref> ULA has announced that Atlas V is retiring and all remaining Atlas V launchers have been allocated to customers.<ref name="Verge">{{cite news|last1=Roulette|first1=Joey|title=ULA stops selling its centerpiece Atlas V, setting path for the rocket's retirement|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/26/22641048/ula-boeing-lockheed-end-sales-atlas-v-rocket-russia-rd180|access-date=September 1, 2021|publisher=The Verge|date=August 26, 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2022|07|02}}, seven of these have been allocated to Starliner flights; enough for the crewed flight test and six operational missions. ULA plans to have Vulcan Centaur available in time for any additional flights.
+
+== List of spacecraft ==
+{{As of|2020|1}}, Boeing planned to have three Boeing Starliner spacecraft in service to fulfill the needs of the Commercial Crew Program with each spacecraft expected to be capable of being reused up to ten times with a six-month refurbishment time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/starliner.htm|title=Starliner (CST-100)|author=Krebs, Gunter|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/|title=CST-100 Starliner|publisher=Boeing}}</ref> On August 25, 2020, Boeing announced its plan to alternate between just two capsules for all planned Starliner missions instead of three.<ref name="SFN20200825"/>
+
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Serial
+! Name
+! Type
+! Status
+! Flights
+! Total flight time
+! class="unsortable" | Notes
+! class="unsortable" title="Category" | {{abbr|Cat.|Commons category and Wikidata page}}
+|-
+| {{abbr|S1|Spacecraft 1}}
+| {{color|grey|None}}
+| Prototype
+| {{Draw|Retired}}
+| 1
+| data-sort-value="T00:01:35" | 1m, 19s
+| Prototype used only for [[Boeing Pad Abort Test|pad abort test]].<ref name="NASA20170406"/><ref name="starlinerlist-1"/><ref name="starlinernotebook"/>
+| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Boeing Starliner Spacecraft 1]]
+|-
+| [[Boeing Starliner Spacecraft 2|S2]]
+| {{color|grey|TBA}}
+| Crew
+| {{Active}}
+| 1
+| data-sort-value="T143:55" | 5d, 23h, 55m
+| Completed the [[Boe-OFT-2|OFT-2]] flight.<ref name="starlinernotebook"/>
+| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Boeing Starliner Spacecraft 2]] [[File:Wikidata-logo.svg|20px|link=d:Q104881693]]
+|-
+| [[Boeing Starliner Calypso|S3]]
+| ''[[Boeing Starliner Calypso|Calypso]]''
+| Crew
+| {{Active}}
+| 1
+| data-sort-value="T49:22:10" | 2d, 1h, 22m, 10s
+| {{Plainlist|
+* Named after Jacques Couteau's ship {{ship|RV|Calypso}}.<ref name="starlinerlist-1"/>
+* First Starliner to orbit, [[Boe-OFT|OFT]].<ref name="starlinerlist-1"/><ref name="starlinernotebook"/>
+}}
+| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Boeing Starliner Calypso]] [[File:Wikidata-logo.svg|20px|link=d:Q87412988]]
+|}
+
+== List of flights ==
+''List includes only completed or currently manifested missions. Launch dates and times are listed in [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]].''
+{{Sticky header}}
+{| class="wikitable sticky-header"
+! Mission
+! Vehicle
+! Launch
+! Crew
+! Remarks
+! Duration
+! Outcome
+|-
+| [[Boeing Pad Abort Test|Boe-PAT]]
+| {{abbr|S1|Spacecraft 1}}
+| November 4, 2019, 14:15:00
+| {{N/A}}
+| Pad abort test at [[White Sands Missile Range|White Sands]]. Two of three parachutes opened and the system functioned adequately.<ref name="Capsule Abort system test"/>
+| 95 seconds
+| {{success}}
+|-
+| [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test|Boe-OFT]]
+| S3.1<br />''[[Boeing Starliner Calypso|Calypso]]''
+| December 19, 2019, 11:36:43
+| {{N/A}}
+| First uncrewed orbital test flight of Starliner. Orbited but failed to rendezvous with ISS. Landed successfully.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Halaschak|first1=Zachary|title=Boeing Starliner spacecraft goes off course and fails mission |date=December 20, 2019|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/boeing-starliner-spacecraft-goes-off-course-and-fails-mission|publisher=Washington Examiner|access-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last1=Bridenstine |first1=Jim|number=1208021843388633090|title=Update: #Starliner had a Mission Elapsed Time (MET) anomaly causing the spacecraft to believe that it was in an orbital insertion burn, when it was not |date=December 20, 2019|user=JimBridenstine|access-date=December 20, 2019|author-link=Jim Bridenstine}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gebhardt|first1=Chris|title=Starliner suffers mission-shortening failure after successful launch|date=December 20, 2019|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/12/starliner-mission-shortening-failure-successful-launch/|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|access-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref><ref name=bbc201219/>
+| 2 days
+| {{Partial failure}}
+|-
+| [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2|Boe-OFT 2]]
+| S2.1
+| May 19, 2022, 22:54:47<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/05/19/atlas-5-starliner-oft-2-live-coverage/ |title=Live coverage: Atlas 5 rocket sends Starliner toward space station |work=Spaceflight Now |date=May 19, 2022 |access-date=May 20, 2022}}</ref>
+| {{N/A}}
+| Second uncrewed orbital test flight of Starliner. Docked with the ISS.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/06/boeing-starliner-test-repeat/|title=After botched test flight, Boeing will refly its Starliner spacecraft for NASA|last=Davenport|first=Christian |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=April 6, 2020|access-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref> Valve problems stopped an August 3, 2021 launch attempt.<ref name=WP20210924/><ref name="2021-12-20">{{Cite web|date=December 20, 2021|title=Boeing Starliner test flight planned for spring 2022|url=https://spacenews.com/boeing-starliner-test-flight-planned-for-spring-2022/|access-date=December 25, 2021|website=SpaceNews|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4"/><ref name="nasa-20211008">{{cite web |last=Herridge |first=Linda |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/kennedy/2021/10/08/nasa-boeing-update-starliner-orbital-flight-test-2-status/ |title=NASA, Boeing Update Starliner Orbital Flight Test-2 Status |publisher=NASA |date=October 8, 2021 |access-date=October 9, 2021}}</ref>
+| 6 days
+| {{success}}
+|-
+| [[Boeing Crewed Flight Test|Boe-CFT]] [[File:Boeing Starliner Crewed Flight Test Patch.jpg|55px]]
+| S3.2 ♺<br />''[[Boeing Starliner Calypso|Calypso]]''
+| TBD <ref name="space.com-20240404"/>
+| {{plainlist|
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Barry E. Wilmore]]<ref name="cftcrew">{{Cite web |last=Potter |first=Sean |date=2022-06-16 |title=NASA Updates Astronaut Assignments for Boeing Starliner Test Flight |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-updates-astronaut-assignments-for-boeing-starliner-test-flight |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=NASA}}</ref>
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Sunita Williams]]<ref name="cftcrew"/>
+}}
+| First crewed test flight of Boeing Starliner.
+| 7 days
+| {{Planned}}
+|-
+| [[Boeing Starliner-1|Starliner-1]]
+| S2.2 ♺
+| {{abbr|NET|no earlier than}} 2025<ref name="CNBC-2023-08-07">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/08/07/boeing-resets-starliners-first-crewed-spaceflight-target-for-march.html |title=Boeing resets Starliner plan to be ready for first NASA crew flight by March|first=Michael|last= Sheetz|work=[[CNBC]]| date=7 August 2023|access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref>
+| {{plainlist|
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Scott Tingle]]<ref name="nasa-20220930">{{cite press release |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-updates-crew-assignments-for-first-starliner-crew-rotation-flight |title=NASA Updates Crew Assignments for First Starliner Crew Rotation Flight |work=NASA |date=September 30, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref>
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Michael Fincke]]<ref name="nasa-20220930"/>
+* {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Joshua Kutryk]]<ref name="nasa-20231122">{{Cite web |last=Cawley |first=James |date=2023-11-22 |title=Mission Specialist Assigned to NASA's Boeing Starliner-1 Mission
+ |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2023/11/22/mission-specialist-assigned-to-nasas-boeing-starliner-1-mission |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=NASA}}</ref>
+* {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Kimiya Yui]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2024-04-boeing-starliner-trek-cape-canaveral.html|title=Next up is launch, as Boeing's Starliner takes trek to Cape Canaveral|date=17 April 2024|access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>
+}}
+| First operational flight of Boeing Starliner.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=Astro_Suni|last1=Williams|first1=Sunita|number=1208780116630876160|date=December 22, 2019|author-link=Sunita Williams|title=A couple of the awesome people who brought ''Calypso'' home! Thank you Steve and Kayva!|website=Twitter|access-date=December 22, 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
+| 6 months
+| {{Planned}}
+|-
+| [[Boeing Starliner-2|Starliner-2]]
+| S3.3 ♺<br/>''[[Boeing Starliner Calypso|Calypso]]''
+| Early 2026<ref name="CNBC-2023-08-07"/>
+| {{plainlist|
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+}}
+| Second operational flight of Boeing Starliner.
+| 6 months
+| {{Planned}}
+|-
+| [[Boeing Starliner-3|Starliner-3]]
+| S2.3 ♺
+| Early 2027<ref name="CNBC-2023-08-07"/>
+| {{plainlist|
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+}}
+| Third operational flight of Boeing Starliner.
+| 6 months
+| {{Planned}}
+|-
+| [[Boeing Starliner-4|Starliner-4]]
+| S3.4 ♺<br/>''[[Boeing Starliner Calypso|Calypso]]''
+| Early 2028<ref name="CNBC-2023-08-07"/>
+| {{plainlist|
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+}}
+| Fourth operational flight of Boeing Starliner.
+| 6 months
+| {{Planned}}
+|-
+| [[Boeing Starliner-5|Starliner-5]]
+| S2.4 ♺
+| Early 2029<ref name="CNBC-2023-08-07"/>
+| {{plainlist|
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+}}
+| Fifth operational flight of Boeing Starliner.
+| 6 months
+| {{Planned}}
+|-
+| [[Boeing Starliner-6|Starliner-6]]
+| S3.5 ♺<br/>''[[Boeing Starliner Calypso|Calypso]]''
+| Early 2030<ref name="CNBC-2023-08-07"/>
+| {{plainlist|
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{Flagicon|United States}} {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+* {{abbr|TBA|to be announced}}
+}}
+| Sixth operational flight of Boeing Starliner.
+| 6 months
+| {{Planned}}
+|-
+|}
+
+NASA contracted Boeing for six operational flights to the ISS.<ref>{{cite web|title=NASA Secures Crew Rotation Flights Through 2024|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2017/01/03/nasa-secures-crew-rotation-flights-through-2024/|first=Steven|last=Siceloff|date=January 3, 2017|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Boeing Commercial Crew Transportation Capability Contract|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/CCtCap_Boeing_508.pdf |publisher=NASA.gov}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
+
+==Hardware on display==
+A full-scale model of the Capsule is on display at the [[Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/blog/31/nasa-now-at-kennedy-space-center-visitor-complex|title=NASA Now at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex|website=kennedyspacecenter.com|access-date=2017-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801202020/https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/blog/31/nasa-now-at-kennedy-space-center-visitor-complex|archive-date=2017-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+
+== Technology partners ==
+{{div col}}
+* [[Aerojet Rocketdyne]], for reaction control system (RCS) and retrorockets<ref>{{cite news|title=Aerojet Rocketdyne gears up for first flight of Boeing's Starliner Spacecraft|date=December 12, 2019|url=https://www.rocket.com/article/aerojet-rocketdyne-gears-first-flight-boeing%E2%80%99s-starliner-spacecraft|publisher=Aerojet Rocketdyne|access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>
+* Airborne Systems, for parachutes<ref>{{cite web|title=Boeing Tests Parachute System for CST-100 Spacecraft|date=May 4, 2012|url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/boeingdroptest.html|publisher=NASA|access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>
+* [[Collins Aerospace]], life support systems<ref>{{cite news|title=Collins Aerospace to provide Earth-like atmosphere on Boeing's new 'space taxi' for NASA|date=April 8, 2019|url=https://spaceref.com/press-release/collins-aerospace-to-provide-earth-like-atmosphere-on-boeings-new-space-taxi-for-nasa/|website=spaceref.com|access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>
+* [[Bigelow Aerospace]], elements of crew capsule<ref name="bigelow"/>
+* [[Samsung]], mobile communications technology<ref>{{cite news|title=Samsung and Boeing collaborate on mobile tech in space
+|author=Leon Spencer|date=May 22, 2014|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/samsung-and-boeing-collaborate-on-mobile-tech-in-space/
+|website=zdnet.com|access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>
+* Spincraft, crew module pressure shell spin-form work<ref>{{cite web|title=Building a better spaceship|date=July 20, 2018|url=https://www.aero-mag.com/boeing-starliner-international-space-station|website=aero-mag.com|access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>
+* ILC Dover, for airbags, spacesuits<ref>{{cite news|title=ILC Dover becomes a provider of spacesuits for Boeing's Starliner|date=May 31, 2022 |url=https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/ILC_Dover_becomes_a_provider_of_spacesuits_for_Boeings_Starliner_999.html|website=spacedaily.com|access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>
+{{div col end}}
+
+== See also ==
+{{div col}}
+* [[List of crewed spacecraft]]
+* [[Orion (spacecraft)]]
+* [[SpaceX Dragon 2]], human-rated capsule-type spacecraft
+* [[Dream Chaser]], a human-rated spaceplane under development
+* [[Orel (spacecraft)|Orel]], a human-rated spacecraft being developed in [[Russia]]
+* [[Mengzhou (spacecraft)|Mengzhou]], a human-rated spacecraft being developed in [[China]]{{div col end}}
+
+== Notes ==
+{{notelist}}
+
+== References ==
+{{Reflist|refs=
+
+<ref name="sfn20210118">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/01/18/boeing-making-progress-on-starliner-software-for-test-flight-in-march/|title=Boeing making progress on Starliner software for test flight in March|first=Stephen|last=Clark|website=Spaceflight Now|date=January 18, 2021|access-date=January 18, 2021}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="space20210121">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/boeing-starliner-software-approved-oft-2-test-flight|title=Boeing's Starliner spacecraft software passes qualification review for next NASA test flight|first=Elizabeth|last=Howell|publisher=SPACE.com|date=January 21, 2021|access-date=January 21, 2021}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="NASA20170406">{{cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2017/04/06/boeing-powers-on-starliner-spacecraft-for-first-time/|last=Siceloff|first=Steven|title=Boeing Powers On Starliner Spacecraft For First Time|website=blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew|publisher=NASA|access-date=March 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309225904/https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2017/04/06/boeing-powers-on-starliner-spacecraft-for-first-time/|archive-date=March 9, 2020|date=April 6, 2017|quote=Once completed, Spacecraft 1 will be launched without a crew on a flight test to demonstrate its capability to abort a mission from the launch pad in the unlikely event of an emergency|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="starlinerlist-1">{{cite web|last=Clark|first=Stephen|title=Boeing's first commercial crew capsule christened "Calypso"|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/22/boeings-first-crew-capsule-christened-calypso/|publisher=Spaceflight Now|access-date=March 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309230903/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/22/boeings-first-crew-capsule-christened-calypso/|archive-date=March 9, 2020|date=December 22, 2019|quote=The Starliner vehicle that landed Sunday in New Mexico, designated Spacecraft 3 [...] Spacecraft 1 was built for Boeing's pad abort test and is not intended to fly in space. [...] she has named the Starliner vehicle that returned Sunday "Calypso" in an ode to the research vessel used by French explorer Jacques Cousteau|url-status=live}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="starlinernotebook">{{cite web|title=Reporter's Starliner Notebook|url=https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/launch/documents/Starliner_Notebook.pdf|publisher=Boeing|access-date=March 9, 2020 |page=9|date=2019|quote=Spacecraft 1 was used for testing the launch abort system during the program's Pad Abort Test in New Mexico. Spacecraft 2 [is] being prepared to fly the first people on Starliner's Crew Flight Test. Spacecraft 3 [is] slated for the uncrewed Orbital Flight Test...}}</ref>
+}}
+
+== External links ==
+* [http://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/ {{nowrap|CST-100}} Starliner] at Boeing.com
+* {{YouTube|Mn_gXEK5XmQ|Boeing/Bigelow Crew Space Transport Vehicle}} by Boeing (2010)
+* {{YouTube|6VYIUi9H3vM|Boeing Unveils America's First Space Taxi, Unlocks Possibilities for Future}} by Boeing (2014)
+* [https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/launch/documents/Starliner_Notebook.pdf Reporter's Starliner Notebook]
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LKMS6xKuuA Astronaut Doug Hines enters the Boeing Starliner for the first time during OFT-2]
+
+{{Portal bar|Spaceflight}}
+{{Boeing Starliner}}
+{{Crewed spacecraft}}
+{{Crewed ISS flights}}
+
+[[Category:Boeing Starliner| ]]
+[[Category:Bigelow Aerospace]]
+[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
+[[Category:Commercial spaceflight]]
+[[Category:Supply vehicles for the International Space Station]]
+[[Category:American spacecraft]]
+[[Category:Boeing spacecraft and space launch systems|Starliner]]
+[[Category:Reusable spacecraft]]
--- /dev/null
+{{short description|Scouting organization in the United States}}
+{{About||the scouting program within the BSA formerly known as the "Boy Scouts"|Scouts BSA|the march by John Philip Sousa|Boy Scouts of America (march)}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
+<!--If you decide to add a reference to this article, please add it to the reference section at the bottom with a <ref name="YourName"></ref> tag and place it alphabetically by ref name. Please use an appropriate citation template. Many examples are at the bottom. Within the article, please use the r template (format {{r|YourName}}). If you feel this formatting is too cumbersome, please just add the ref in an appropriate manner of your choosing and another editor will be happy to help with the formatting; you can also ask for help on the talk page. The purpose of this is to increase the readability of the article in its encoded format-->
+{{Infobox WorldScouting
+| name = Boy Scouts of America
+| image = Boy Scouts of America corporate trademark.svg
+| age = {{plainlist|
+* [[Learning for Life]]: Pre-K through 12th grade
+* [[Cub Scouting (Boy Scouts of America)|Cub Scouts]]: 5–10
+* [[Scouts BSA]]: 10–18
+* [[Venturing]]: 14–21
+* [[Exploring (Learning for Life)|Exploring Club (LFL)]]: 10–15
+* [[Sea Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)|Sea Scouts]]: 14–21
+* [[Exploring (Learning for Life)|Exploring Post (LFL)]]: 16–20
+* [[Scout Leader]]: 18+ for Cub Scouts and Scouts BSA; 21+ for Venturing and Sea Scouting }}
+| headquarters = [[Irving, Texas]]
+| location = United States, [[American Scouting overseas#Transatlantic Council|Europe]], [[American Scouting overseas#Far East Council|Japan and South Korea]]
+| country = United States
+| members = 1,063,338 youth (2023)<br />42,822 units (2023){{r|size}}
+| f-date = {{start date and age|1910|02|08}}
+| founders = yes
+| founder = {{plainlist|
+* [[Charles Alexander Eastman]]
+* [[William D. Boyce]]
+* [[Ernest Thompson Seton]]
+* [[Daniel Carter Beard]]
+}}
+| chiefscouttitle = [[Chief Scout Executive]]
+| chiefscout = [[Roger Krone]]
+| chiefscouttitle2 = [[National president of the Boy Scouts of America|Chair]]
+| chiefscout2 = [[Brad Tilden]]
+| chiefscouttitle3 = [[National Commissioner of the Boy Scouts of America|National Commissioner]]
+| chiefscout3 = [[W. Scott Sorrels|Scott Sorrels]]
+| chiefscouttitle4 = [[List of presidents of the United States involved in Scouting|Honorary Chair]]
+| chiefscout4 = [[Joe Biden]]
+| website = {{URL|scouting.org}}
+| affiliation = [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]]
+| governance = [[National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America|National Executive Board]]
+}}
+
+<!--- Note: sources for information in this lead are contained within the body of the article.-->
+The '''Boy Scouts of America''' ('''BSA''', colloquially the '''Boy Scouts''') is one of the largest [[scouting]] organizations and one of the largest [[List of youth organizations|youth organizations]] in the United States, with over 1 million youth, including 176,000 female participants. <ref name="rebrand2025">{{cite web |date=May 7, 2024 |title=Boy Scouts of America to Become Scouting America |url=https://www.scoutingnewsroom.org/press-releases/boy-scouts-of-america-to-become-scouting-america/}}</ref> The BSA was founded in 1910; about 130 million Americans have participated in its programs. Served by 477,000 adult volunteers. <ref name='rebrand2025'/> BSA became a founding member organization of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] in 1922.
+
+The stated mission of the Boy Scouts of America is to "prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law." Youth are trained in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities, educational programs, and, at older age levels, career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations. For younger members, the [[Scout method]] is part of the program to instill typical Scouting values such as trustworthiness, good citizenship, and outdoors skills, through a variety of activities such as camping, aquatics, and hiking. To further these outdoor activities, the BSA has four [[High-adventure bases of the Boy Scouts of America|high-adventure bases]]: [[Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases|Northern Tier]] ([[Minnesota]], [[Manitoba]], and [[Ontario]]), [[Philmont Scout Ranch]] ([[New Mexico]]), [[Florida National High Adventure Sea Base|Sea Base]] ([[Florida]], [[US Virgin Islands]], and [[Bahamas]]), and [[The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve|Summit Bechtel Reserve]] ([[West Virginia]]), as well as nearly 100 camps and reservations dedicated to scouts.
+
+The main Scouting divisions are [[Cub Scouting (Boy Scouts of America)|Cub Scouting]] for ages 5 to 11 years, [[Scouts BSA]] for ages 10 to 18, [[Venturing]] for ages 14 through 21, and [[Sea Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)|Sea Scouts]] for ages 14 through 21. The BSA operates Scouting by chartering local organizations, such as churches, clubs, civic associations, or educational organizations, to implement the Scouting program for youth within their communities. Units are led by volunteers appointed by the chartering organization, who are supported by local councils using both paid [[Professional Scouter (Boy Scouts of America)|professional Scouters]] and volunteers. Additionally, [[Learning for Life]] is an affiliate that provides in-school and career education.
+
+In 2019, the Boy Scouts of America renamed its flagship program, Boy Scouts, to Scouts BSA to reflect its policy change allowing girls to join separate, gender-specific troops.<ref name="scoutingwire_">{{cite web | date = May 3, 2018 | title = BSA’s Organization Name Not Changing, and Other Facts to Know and Share | url = https://scoutingwire.org/the-boy-scouts-of-america-organization-name-is-not-changing-and-other-facts-to-set-the-record-straight/ | work = Scouting Wire | access-date = May 7, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180504190932/https://scoutingwire.org/the-boy-scouts-of-america-organization-name-is-not-changing-and-other-facts-to-set-the-record-straight/ | archive-date = May 4, 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref>
+
+In 2023, BSA agreed to pay $2.46 billion to settle claims by some 82,000 former Boy Scouts who said they had been [[Sexual abuse|sexually abused]] by BSA officials and volunteers.<ref name="reuters_20230919_victim-settlement">{{Cite news |last=Knauth |first=Dietrich |date=September 19, 2023 |title=Boy Scouts victims begin receiving settlement payouts as appeals continue |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/boy-scouts-victims-begin-receiving-settlement-payouts-appeals-continue-2023-09-19/ |work=Reuters |access-date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202102009/https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/boy-scouts-victims-begin-receiving-settlement-payouts-appeals-continue-2023-09-19/ | archive-date=February 2, 2024 | url-status=live}}</ref>
+
+On May 7, 2024, BSA announced that the organization will change its name to '''Scouting America'''. The change will go into effect on February 8, 2025.<ref name="cnn_20240507_scouting-america">{{cite news | author = Nicole Chavez | date = May 7, 2024 | title = Boy Scouts of America announces rebrand to ‘Scouting America’ | url = https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/07/us/boy-scouts-rebrands-scouting-america-reaj/index.html | work = CNN | access-date = May 7, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240507220440/https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/07/us/boy-scouts-rebrands-scouting-america-reaj/index.html | archive-date = May 7, 2024 | url-status = live }}</ref>
+
+==Origins==
+[[File:Scouting pioneers.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ernest Thompson Seton]] ''(left)'', [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Baden-Powell]] ''(seated)'' and [[Daniel Carter Beard|Dan Beard]] ''(right)'']]
+{{Further|Scouting|Scouting in the United States|History of the Boy Scouts of America}}
+The [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive movement]] in the United States was at its height during the early 20th century.{{r|phillips}} With the migration of families from farms to cities, there were concerns among some people that young men were no longer learning patriotism, self-reliance, and individualism. Several groups attempted to fill this void. The [[YMCA]] was an early promoter of reforms for young men with a focus on [[welfare|social welfare]] and programs of mental, physical, social and religious development.{{r|macleod|page1=72–82}} Others, included the [[Woodcraft Indians]] started by [[Ernest Thompson Seton]] in 1902 in [[Cos Cob, Connecticut]], and the [[Sons of Daniel Boone]] founded by [[Daniel Carter Beard]] in 1905 in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio.{{r|anderson}}, two notable independent scouting predecessors of BSA within the United States.
+
+[[File:Boy Scouts, Troop 10, Columbus, Ohio, 1918.jpg|thumb|Boy Scouts, Troop 10, Columbus, Ohio, 1918]]
+In 1907, [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]] founded the [[Scouting movement]] in England using elements of Seton's works among other influences.{{r|beardsall}} In 1909, Chicago publisher [[William D. Boyce|W. D. Boyce]] was visiting London, where he encountered a boy who came to be known as the [[Unknown Scout]].{{r|peterson2}} Boyce was lost on a foggy street when an unknown Scout came to his aid, guiding him to his destination. The boy then refused Boyce's tip, explaining that he was a Boy Scout and was merely doing his daily good turn. Interested in the Boy Scouts, Boyce met with staff at the Boy Scouts Headquarters and, by some accounts, Baden-Powell. Upon his return to the US, Boyce was inspired by his experience and incorporated the ''Boy Scouts of America'' on February 8, 1910.{{r|rowan}} [[Edgar M. Robinson]] and [[Lee F. Hanmer]] became interested in the nascent BSA and convinced Boyce to turn the program over to the YMCA for development in April 1910. Robinson enlisted Seton, Beard, [[Charles Eastman]], and other prominent leaders in the early youth movements. Former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]], who had long complained of the decline in American manhood, became an ardent supporter.{{r|Handbook1911}} In January 1911, Robinson turned the movement over to [[James E. West (Scouting)|James E. West]] who became the first [[Chief Scout Executive]] and Scouting began to expand in the US{{r|macleod|page1=148}} Among other programs in the US, the Woodcraft Indians and Sons of Daniel Boone, eventually merged with the BSA.{{r|peterson1|page1=52}}
+
+The BSA's stated purpose at its incorporation in 1910 was "to teach [boys] patriotism, courage, self-reliance, and kindred values."{{r|townley|page1=7}} Later, in 1937, Deputy Chief Scout Executive [[George J. Fisher]] expressed the BSA's mission: "Each generation as it comes to maturity has no more important duty than that of teaching high ideals and proper behavior to the generation which follows."{{r|bsajambo37}} The current mission statement of the BSA is "to prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law."{{r|ussspvision|AimsMethods}}
+
+At its peak, Boy Scouts had an active membership of over 4 million youth in 1973.{{r|BloombergBusinessweek}} Today, popularity in outdoor events has waned and membership has dropped. However, BSA remains the largest [[scouting]] organization and one of the largest [[List of youth organizations|youth organizations]] in the United States, with about 1.2 million youth participants and about one million adult volunteers {{As of|2021|lc=y}}.{{r|size|PBS1|APSize}}
+
+===Federally chartered corporation===
+{{Quote box
+|width = 40%
+|border = 2
+|align = right
+|bgcolor = #c6dbf7;
+|fontsize = 85%
+|quote = The purposes of the corporation are to promote, through organization, and cooperation with other agencies, the ability of boys to do things for themselves and others, to train them in [[scoutcraft]], and to teach them patriotism, courage, self-reliance, and kindred virtues, using the methods that were in common use by boy scouts on June 15, 1916.
+|salign =
+|source = {{USC|36|30902}}
+}}
+
+The BSA holds one of the comparatively rare [[congressional charter]]s under [[Title 36 of the United States Code]].{{r|Title36}}{{r|36Corps}} On behalf of the BSA, Paul Sleman, Colin H. Livingstone, Ernest S. Martin, and James E. West successfully lobbied Congress for a federal [[charter]] for the BSA which President Woodrow Wilson signed on June 15, 1916. One of the principal reasons for seeking a congressional charter was to deal with competition from other Scout organizations including the [[American Boy Scouts|United States Boy Scouts]] and the [[Lone Scouts of America]].{{r|pett8}} The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution among a small number of similarly chartered patriotic and national organizations,{{r|FedCharter}} such as the [[Girl Scouts of the USA|Girl Scouts]], [[Civil Air Patrol]], the [[American Legion]], the [[Red Cross]], [[Little League Baseball]], and the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]. The federal incorporation was originally construed primarily as an honor; however, it does grant the chartered organization some special privileges and rights, including freedom from antitrust and monopoly regulation and complete control over the organization's symbols and insignia, {{r|bsatitle36}} though it neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the BSA, which remains free to function independently.{{r|CongressionalCharter}}
+
+==Membership==
+
+===Original programs===
+[[File:Kia Kima Cope Course.jpg|thumb|A [[Venturing (Boy Scouts of America)|Venturer]] traverses a [[COPE (BSA)|COPE]] High Ropes course.]]
+Boy Scouts of America uses four primary programs to achieve its aims in Scouting:
+* [[Cub Scouting (Boy Scouts of America)|Cub Scouting]] is available to youth from kindergarten through fifth grade.
+* [[Scouts BSA]] (formerly Boy Scouts) is the [[wikt:flagship|flagship]] program of the BSA for youth ages 11 to 18; 10-year-olds can join after March 1 of their fifth grade year or if they have earned the [[Arrow of Light]] award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How old (or young) can a youth be to join Scouting? |url=https://www.scouting.org/about/faq/question1/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Boy Scouts of America |language=en-US}}</ref>
+* [[Venturing]] is the program for ages 14 to 21.{{r|bsa524406a}}
+* [[Sea Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)|Sea Scouting]] is the program for ages 14 to 21 focused on nautical activities.{{r|bsaseascouting}}
+
+There are about 100,000 physically or mentally disabled Scouts throughout the United States. Anyone certified as disabled "may enroll in Scouting and remain in its program beyond the regulation age limits. This provision allows all members to advance in Scouting as far as they wish."{{r|grolier}}
+
+===Other programs===
+The Boy Scouts of America offers several other programs and subprograms beyond regular membership:
+* The [[Order of the Arrow]] is the Scouting national honor society for experienced campers, based on [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]<!--- American Indian is the preferred usage by the BSA. Read the linked article for a thorough discussion.---> traditions and is dedicated to the ideals of brotherhood and cheerful service. To be considered for membership one must live their life by the Scout Law, accomplish several requirements, and be elected by members of their unit.{{r|bsa02512}}
+* [[Lone Scouts|Lone Scouting]] is a program designed to allow those who would otherwise not be able to become Scouts or Cub Scouts—usually due to residence in an overseas/isolated community or unusual circumstances—to participate in the Scouting experience.{{r|pett8}}
+* STEM Scouts is a [[pilot program]] of the BSA that focuses on [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] learning and career development for boys and girls in elementary, middle, and high school.{{r|STEMScouts|USATodaySTEM}}
+* [[Learning for Life]] is a school and work-site based program that is a subsidiary of the BSA. It utilizes programs designed for schools and community-based organizations that are designed to prepare youth for the complexities of contemporary society and to enhance their self-confidence, motivation, and self-esteem.{{r|bsamembers|grolier|lfllearningforlife}} [[Exploring (Learning for Life)|Exploring]] is the worksite-based program of Learning for Life with programs based on five areas of emphasis: career opportunities, life skills, citizenship, character education, and leadership experience.{{r|bsa-discriminationlfl}} Learning for Life is not considered a regular [[Scouting]] program; it does not use the [[Scout Oath]], [[Scout Law]], uniforms, or insignia of regular Scouting. All Learning for Life programs are open to youth and adults without restriction based on gender, residence, sexual orientation, or other considerations other than age requirements.{{r|bsa-discriminationlfl|lflwhatisexploring}}
+
+===Membership controversies===
+{{Main|Boy Scouts of America membership controversies}}
+[[File:2017 Capital Pride (Washington, D.C.) - 091.jpg|thumb|LGBT Boy Scouts and their supporters at 2017 [[Capital Pride (Washington, D.C.)|Capital Pride]] parade carrying flags and ''A Scout is equal'' sign]]
+Unlike the BSA's Learning for Life, membership in the regular BSA programs had been more restricted and controversial. Until the late 2010s, Cub Scouting or the program then-named Boy Scouting was open to boys only, but girls were permitted to join the Venturing, Sea Scouting, and Explorers programs in 1970. Women could also serve as adult volunteers in all programs in approximately the same time frame. On October 11, 2017, the BSA announced that girls would be allowed to become Cub Scouts, starting in 2018, and be a part of the Scouts BSA Program, starting on February 1, 2019.{{r|BSAPressRelease101117|NBC101117|FamilyFactSheet|FamilyCubScouts|ABC101117|NPR101117}}
+
+The BSA position on the importance of religious beliefs among members has inconsistent elements. Many volunteers within the BSA organization believe that [[atheist]]s and [[agnostic]]s are welcome, and because of this, in many troops they are. However, in 2018, the Boy Scouts of America National Executive Board "reaffirms its unequivocal commitment to the Declaration of Religious Principle as a fundamental component of the mission of the Boy Scouts of America".{{r|DutytoGod}} At the same meeting, they also stated that "[t]he recognition of God as the ruling and leading power in the universe and the grateful acknowledgement of His favors and blessings are necessary to the best type of citizenship and are wholesome precepts in the education of the growing members"{{r|DutytoGod}}. This position is inconsistent with the fact that the BSA has had [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] troops since 1920, and Buddhism is a [[nontheism|nontheistic]] religion which does not assert belief in a [[creator God]].{{r|BhuddismV}} The BSA also signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the [[Unitarian Universalist Association]] in 2016 which specifically gives ultimate authority over a participant's spiritual welfare to the individual Unitarian Universalist congregation. The MOU also specifically includes within Unitarian Universalist chartered troops [[humanism]] as an acceptable form of spirituality as well as Earth-centered religions.{{r|uua}}
+
+In 2000, the Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Boy Scouts of America v. Dale]]'' that Boy Scouts and all similar, private voluntary organizations have the constitutionally protected right under the First Amendment of freedom of association to set membership standards.{{r|bsalitig}} In 2004, the BSA adopted a new policy statement, including a "Youth Leadership" policy that disallowed members to continue in leadership positions in the event they were to hold themselves out as "open and avowed homosexuals.{{r|morally}}
+
+At the Scouts annual meeting in April 2012, a leader from the Northeast presented a resolution that "would allow individual units to accept gays as adult leaders".{{r|Crary|FNCGayBan}} However, in July 2012, at the culmination of a review started in 2010, an 11-person committee convened by the BSA reached a "unanimous consensus" recommending retaining the current policy.{{r|pressrelease071712|Leitsinger}} [[Intel]],{{r|Rogoway, Mike}} [[United Parcel Service|UPS]],{{r|CBS News}} and [[Merck & Co.|Merck]]{{r|Schulz|marketwatch.com}} cut financial ties with the BSA over the policy decision. Within the BSA National Executive Board, members James Turley, CEO of [[Ernst & Young]], and [[Randall L. Stephenson|Randall Stephenson]], CEO of [[AT&T]] and who was then "on track to become president of the Scout's national board in 2014"{{r|Post Blog BSA Ban}} and later was, publicly opposed the policy and stated their intention "to work from within the BSA Board to actively encourage dialogue and sustainable progress" in changing the policy.{{r|Examiner BSA}} On January 28, 2013, the BSA announced it was considering rescinding the ban on homosexuals, allowing chartered organizations to determine local policy.{{r|MemberPressRelease}}
+
+On May 23, 2013, over 60% of the 1,400-member BSA National Council voted to remove the restriction denying membership to youth on the basis of sexual orientation while emphasizing that any sexual conduct, whether heterosexual or homosexual, is not allowed. The resolution went into effect on January 1, 2014,{{r|DVVote|MemStdRes}} but Scout leaders who were "open and avowed homosexuals" were still prohibited. The policy specifically states that BSA does not inquire into a person's sexuality.{{r|CNNGayScouts}} Gay rights groups hailed the decision, but vowed to press on until all gay members were accepted. Some churches and conservative members threatened to quit the Boy Scouts in response.{{r|Eckholm}} On June 12, 2013, the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] passed non-binding resolutions urging the BSA not to change their policy.{{r|Gryboski|Ellsworth}} In September 2013, a new scouting group called [[Trail Life USA]] was created, in support of what founders call "traditional, Christian" scouting.{{r|TrailLife|NPRTrailLife|WPTrailLife}} Subsequently, some [[Christian denomination]] congregations replaced their Boy Scouts of America troops with those of Trail Life USA.{{r|BPTrailLife}}
+
+In May 2015, Boy Scouts of America President Robert Gates said it was time to end the ban on gay leaders. Gates said it "cannot be sustained" any longer. On July 10, 2015, the Boy Scouts of America Executive Committee agreed, and referred the matter to the National Executive Board.{{r|Gates}} On July 27, 2015, the Boy Scouts of America National Executive Board voted to lift the organization's blanket ban on openly gay leaders and employees. Local chartering organizations are still permitted to set their own standards based on religious principle for selecting the adult volunteers for their unit.{{r|Richter}}
+
+On January 30, 2017, the Boy Scouts of America announced that transgender children who identify as boys would be allowed to enroll in boys-only programs, effective immediately. Previously, the sex listed on an applicant's birth certificate determined eligibility for these programs; going forward, the decision would be based on the gender listed on the application.{{r|guardian-30jan2017}} Joe Maldonado became the first openly transgender child identifying as a boy to join the Scouts on February 7, 2017.{{r|nj-7feb2017}} In 2016, he was rejected from the Boy Scouts for being transgender, but the policy was changed after his story became nationally known.{{r|mercurynews1}}
+
+On October 11, 2017, the Boy Scouts of America announced that girls would be welcomed into Cub Scouts beginning in late 2018, with an early adopter program beginning on January 15, 2018, in councils that wished to participate early. The announcement included the statement that girls in Cub Scouting will simply be called "Cub Scouts". The flagship program of Boy Scouts of America, previously known as "Boy Scouting", became known as Scouts BSA on February 1, 2019, when the program opened to girls. Members of Scouts BSA are known as "Scouts".{{r|CNNNameChange}} On November 6, 2018, the [[GSUSA]] filed a federal trademark lawsuit{{r|case}} seeking to block the BSA from rebranding itself simply as "Scouts";{{r|TimeGSUSA}} this is not the first time the two organizations have legally contested the use of the term ''scout''.{{r|Rothschild}}
+
+==Program==
+
+===Aims, methods, and ideals===
+{{See also|Advancement and recognition in the Boy Scouts of America}}
+[[File:Boy Scouts of America uniform 1974.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Boy Scout, 1974, wearing uniform of the time]]
+{{Quote box
+|width = 40%
+|border = 2
+|align = right
+|bgcolor = #c6dbf7;
+|fontsize = 85%
+|quote = "On my honor, I will do my best, to do my duty, to God and my country, and to obey the Scout Law, to help other people at all times, to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight." -Scout Oath
+|salign =
+|source =
+}}
+{{Quote box
+|width = 40%
+|border = 2
+|align = right
+|bgcolor = #c6dbf7;
+|fontsize = 85%
+|quote = "A Scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent." -Scout Law
+|salign =
+|source =
+}}
+[[File:Boy Scouts of America (1921 film).webm|thumb|''[[s:Boy Scouts of America (film)|Boy Scouts of America]]'' (1921), a silent film by Vitalux Movies outlining various practices in the BSA program]]
+[[File:Boy Scouts at Mt. Vernon, (Virginia) LCCN2016824301.jpg|thumb|366x366px|Boy Scouts Troop at [[Mount Vernon, Virginia|Mt. Vernon Virginia]]]]
+The objectives of the BSA are referred to as the [[Aims and Methods of Scouting]]: Character, Citizenship, Personal Fitness, Leadership.{{r|CubAim}} The BSA pursues these aims through an informal education system called the [[Scout method]], with variations that are designed to be appropriate for the age and maturity of each membership division.{{r|ussspvision|bsaldrtrng}}
+
+Cub Scouts wear a [[Uniform and insignia of the Boy Scouts of America#Cub Scout uniform|uniform]] that gives each Scout a level of identity within the den, the [[Cub Scout pack|pack]] and the community. The Scouts learn teamwork by meeting and working together in a den of four to ten boys or girls under adult leadership. They learn and apply the ideals codified in the Scout Oath and the Scout Law through an advancement system using age-based [[Ranks in Scouts BSA|ranks]] earned by completing required and elective adventures. Some advancement is done in the home and is intended to involve the entire family and many Cub Scout activities include family members.{{r|bsa524406a}}
+
+In the Scouts BSA program, Scouts learn to use the ideals spelled out in the [[Scout Promise#Boy Scouts of America|Scout Oath]], the [[Scout Law#United States of America|Scout Law]], the Outdoor Code, the Scout motto ("Be prepared"), and the Scout slogan ("Do a good turn daily"). They wear a [[Uniform and insignia of the Boy Scouts of America#Boy Scout and Varsity Scout uniform|uniform]] and work together in patrols of four to ten Scouts with an elected patrol leader, who then appoints an assistant patrol leader. Scouts share responsibilities, apply skills learned at meetings and live together in the outdoors. The advancement system provides opportunities for personal growth and self-reliance.{{r|ussspboyscoutadvancement}} Scouts interact with adult leaders who act as role models and mentors, but they are expected to plan their own activities within the troop and to participate in community service.{{r|ussspboyscoutadvancement}}
+
+Venturers are expected to know and live by the Scout Oath and Law. Before May 2014,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wendell|first=Bryan|date=November 18, 2013|title=New details on the rollout of using One Oath and Law in all programs|url=https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2013/11/18/new-details-on-the-rollout-of-using-one-oath-and-law-in-all-programs/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Bryan on Scouting|language=en-US}}</ref> members of the Venturing program followed the now discontinued [[Venturing Oath]] and [[Venturing Code]].{{r|ussspwhatisventuring}} Venturers associate and work directly with adults advisors, but the crew is led by elected youth officers who are given opportunities to learn and apply leadership skills. Venturers plan and participate in interdependent group experiences dependent on cooperation. An emphasis on high adventure provides opportunities for team-building and practical leadership applications. A series of awards provide opportunities for recognition and personal growth.{{r|ussspventturingawards}} Each award requires the Venturer to teach what they have learned to others, thereby returning the skill and knowledge back to the community and enabling the Venturer to master those skills.{{r|ussspventturingawards}}
+
+In October 2012, the National Council announced that, as a result of the findings and recommendations of a select committee made up of volunteer Scouters, the Cub Scout and Venturing programs would transition to use of the Scout Oath and Law, and in the case of the Venturers, the Boy Scout three-finger salute and sign as well. The Venturing change occurred in May 2014; and the Cub Scout change in mid-2015.{{r|StandardChange}}
+
+=== Ranks ===
+{{main|Ranks in the Boy Scouts of America}}
+
+There are seven ranks that a Scout in the Scouts BSA program may attain (note that Eagle Palms are not considered ranks<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eagle Palm Requirements|url=http://usscouts.org/advance/boyscout/bsrank8.asp|access-date=2020-07-04|website=usscouts.org}}</ref>). To obtain a rank, a Scout must complete the requirements for that rank, as well as have a Scoutmaster Conference and a Board of Review (with the exception of Scout Rank).<ref name="USScoutRanks">{{cite web |title=Requirements for Boy Scout Ranks |url=http://usscouts.org/advance/boyscout/bsranks.asp |date=2019 |website=U.S. Scouting Service Project |access-date=July 5, 2020}}</ref> To obtain a rank you must first acquire the rank previous to it, with the exception of Scout rank in which a Scout can earn at anytime once they have completed the requirements for it. The ranks are in the following order: Scout, Tenderfoot, Second Class, First Class, Star Scout, Life Scout, and Eagle Scout. An increasing number of merit badges, as well as being in troop leadership positions, is required for the latter 3 ranks, plus other requirements. Certain ranks require specific merit badges and leadership positions.<ref name="USScoutRanks" />
+
+[[File:KEEP AMERICA BEAUTIFUL DAY. BOY SCOUTS REMOVING LITTER FROM SALINAS - NARA - 543176.jpg|thumb|Scouting troop in Idaho 1971]]
+
+===Eagle Scout===
+{{Main|Eagle Scout}}
+[[File:WikiProject Scouting BSA Eagle Silver Palm.svg|thumb|Silver Eagle Palm]]
+
+[[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]] is the highest rank one can receive in Scouts BSA. Since its introduction in 1911, the Eagle Scout rank has been earned by more than two million youth. Requirements include earning at least 21 [[merit badge (Boy Scouts of America)|merit badges]] and demonstrating [[Scout Spirit]] through the Scout Oath and Law, service, and leadership, all before or by age 18. This includes an extensive service project that the Scout plans, organizes, leads, and manages. Eagle Scouts are presented with a [[medal]] and a [[badge]] that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. Additional recognition can be earned through Eagle Palms, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2018/02/08/famous-former-scouts/|title=110 Scouts who became famous (just in time for the BSA's 110th birthday)|first=Bryan|last=Wendell|date=February 8, 2018|website=Bryan on Scouting}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nesa.org/for-eagle-scouts/famous-eagle-alumni/|title=Famous Eagle Alumni|website=The National Eagle Scout Association|access-date=August 1, 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814004812/https://nesa.org/for-eagle-scouts/famous-eagle-alumni/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+
+Upon the introduction of girls into Scouts BSA in February 2019, a temporary time extension for Eagle rank was allowed for up to 2 years for all scouts who were older than 16 but not yet 18 years of age on February 1, 2019.
+
+Of the 21 merit badges Eagle Scouts are required to earn, 14 of the badges must include: First Aid, Citizenship in the Community, Citizenship in the Nation, Citizenship in the World, Citizenship in Society, Communication, Cooking, Personal Fitness, Emergency Preparedness OR Lifesaving, Environmental Science OR Sustainability, Personal Management, Swimming OR Hiking OR Cycling, Camping, and Family Life.
+
+===National Scout jamboree===
+[[File:2010 National Scout Jamboree 100728-D-7203C-012a.jpg|thumb|right|Anthony Thomas, the two millionth Eagle Scout, addresses a crowd of over 45,000 Scouts at the [[2010 National Scout Jamboree]], held at [[Fort A.P. Hill]], [[Virginia]].]]
+{{Main|National Scout jamboree (Boy Scouts of America)}}
+The National Scout Jamboree is a gathering of Scouts and Venturers from across the US. It is usually held every four years, with some adjustment for special years such as the 2010 National Scout Jamboree that celebrated the BSA centennial. The first jamboree was held in 1937 at the [[Washington Monument]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]{{r|time1}} There were 27,232 Scouts and Leaders present at the first National Jamboree.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Bruce|title=The Boy Scout Encyclopedia; Text and Illus. Prepared under the Direction of the Boy Scouts of America|publisher=Rand McNally|year=1952|isbn=978-1121366435|location=Chicago|pages=83}}</ref> In 1950, the Boy Scouts of America hosted their second National Jamboree at [[Valley Forge, Pennsylvania]]. The event was to commemorate the organization's 40th anniversary.<ref name=":0" /> Since then, jamborees have been held in varying locations. From 1981 until 2010, the jamboree was held at [[Fort A.P. Hill]], [[Virginia]]. A permanent location owned by the BSA was sought in 2008 for future jamborees, high adventure programs and training. [[The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve]] near [[Beckley, West Virginia]], is now the permanent site beginning with the [[2013 National Scout Jamboree]].{{r|bsasummit}}
+
+===High adventure===
+The Boy Scouts of America operates several high-adventure bases at the national level. Each offers a wide range of programs and training; a typical core program may include sailing, wilderness canoeing or wilderness backpacking and camping trips. These bases are administered by the High Adventure Division of the National Council.
+
+Current [[high-adventure bases of the Boy Scouts of America]] include [[Philmont Scout Ranch]], [[Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases]], [[Florida National High Adventure Sea Base]], and [[The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve]].
+
+[[File:Boy scouts of the Wildcat patrol; (IA boyscoutsofwildc00eato).pdf|thumb|Boy Scouts of the Wildcat Patrol]]
+
+===Training===
+{{main|Leadership training (Boy Scouts of America)}}
+
+The BSA offers a wide variety of mandatory and optional training programs in youth protection, outdoor skills and leadership.
+
+====Adult leader training====
+Every adult leader must complete [[Youth Protection program (Boy Scouts of America)|Youth Protection Training]], and then is strongly encouraged to complete a general overview training called ''This is Scouting'', and a ''Fast Start'' training specific to his/her program level. Position-specific training is required for all direct-contact leaders. Upon completion of basic training, a leader may wear the Trained emblem on his/her BSA uniform.
+
+Supplemental skill-specific training is also available to BSA volunteers to gain knowledge in outdoors skills including camping, hiking, first aid, Leave No Trace, swim safety, climbing safety, hazardous weather, and other skills.
+
+The highest level of BSA training is [[Wood Badge (Boy Scouts of America)|Wood Badge]],{{r|bsawbhistory}} focused on helping participants develop leadership skills while participating in an outdoor program over five days. Some councils offer high-adventure training for adults using the [[Powder Horn (Boy Scouts of America)|Powder Horn]] program.{{r|PowderHornInfo}} Leaders can also take the [[Seabadge]] advanced leadership and management course.{{r|SeaScouts}}
+
+====Youth leadership training====
+Scout youth leaders may attend the unit-level [[Introduction to Leadership Skills for Troops]]. Local councils offer the advanced [[National Youth Leadership Training]] and the National Council offers the [[National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience]] conducted at [[Philmont Training Center]]. The Boy Scouts of America also offers the NYLT Leadership Academy which trains youth staff members from across the country for council-level NYLT courses.{{r|NYLTCourses}}
+
+Venturers and Sea Scouts may attend the unit-level [[Introduction to Leadership Skills for Crews]] or Introduction to Leadership Skills for Ships. Crew officers can attend Crew Officer Orientation, and then a council-provided [[Kodiak (Boy Scouts of America)|Kodiak]] leadership training program{{r|AdultTraining}}
+
+[[Order of the Arrow]] members may attend the National Leadership Seminar, run multiple times each year by each region.{{r|OANLS}}
+
+====National Camping School====
+The Boy Scouts of America operates a National Camping School program which trains people how to run various departments or areas at the Scouts BSA [[summer camp]]s. Some online training is offered, but most areas require an in-person week-long training program at one of the National Camping Schools.{{r|ncsbsa|ncsbsa2}} After successfully completing a week-long program, a person is entitled to wear the National Camping School patch. The regular-size patch may be worn on the right breast shirt pocket, in the temporary patch spot.{{r|ncsbsa3}} National Camping School certification is valid for five years.{{r|ncsbsa4}}
+
+==== COPE ====
+COPE, which stands for Challenging Outdoor Personal Experience, is a program that consists of a series of tests of strength, agility, coordination, and problem-solving, individually and within groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peterson |first=Robert |title=The Boy Scouts: An American Adventure |date=1984 |publisher=American Heritage; Distributed by Houghton Mifflin |isbn=0828111731 |location=New York |pages=209–210}}</ref>
+
+===Love of outdoors===
+{{see also|Leave No Trace|Tread Lightly!}}
+
+Scouts see nature as an adventurous place, and it is expected that when they get older the experience from their youth will make them nature lovers. Scouts envisage nature as a heritage.{{r|OutdoorCode}} {{r|T577FieldBook}}
+{{blockquote|"On breaking up camp leave two things behind you: 1. Nothing. 2. Your thanks." — Lord Baden-Powell in 1919.}}
+
+==Organization==
+
+===National Council===
+[[File:BSA National Office in Irving, Texas.jpg|thumb|BSA National Office in [[Irving, Texas]]]]
+The National Council is the corporate membership of the Boy Scouts of America and consists of volunteer Scouters who meet annually. The day-to-day operations of the National Council are administered by the [[Chief Scout Executive]] and other national professional staff. National Council members include volunteers who are elected national officers and executive board members, regional presidents, the local council representatives, members at large, and honorary members. The [[Boy Scouts of America National Headquarters|national headquarters]] has been in [[Irving, Texas]] since 1979.
+
+Since the founding of the BSA in 1910, the [[President of the United States]] has served as the organization's honorary chair during his term in office, former presidents serve as honorary vice chairs for their lifetimes.{{r|bsahistory}}
+
+===Governance and the National Executive Board===
+{{main|National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America}}
+The BSA National Executive Board governs the organization. The 2015 National Executive Board consisted of 79 members.{{r|2015Treasurer}}
+
+The board is led by the [[national president of the Boy Scouts of America|national president]], a volunteer elected by the National Council. Board members included regular elected members, regional presidents, and up to five appointed youth members. The Chief Scout Executive is the board secretary and non-voting member. The National Executive Board has a number of standing committees that correspond to the professional staff organization of the National Council.
+
+Present and past members of the National Executive Board include Utah Senator [[Mitt Romney]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viser |first=Matt |title=Romney is no Boy Scout (Eagle, that is) |url=https://www.boston.com/uncategorized/noprimarytagmatch/2011/08/31/romney-is-no-boy-scout-eagle-that-is/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.boston.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ernst & Young]] CEO [[Jim Turley]] and [[AT&T]] CEO [[Randall Stephenson]].{{r|HirschfieldB}} Other members included Latter-day Saint Church President [[Thomas S. Monson]].{{r|Monson}}
+
+===Groups and divisions===
+[[File:BlackwaterRiverCanoe5.jpg|thumb|Boy Scouts canoeing on the [[Blackwater River (Virginia)|Blackwater River, Virginia]]]]
+[[File:Rohwer Relocation Center, McGehee, Arkansas. A 5-day Boy Scout Camp on the bank of the Mississippi . . . - NARA - 539537.jpg|thumb|[[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] scouts 1920 ]]
+The Program Impact Division is responsible for developing the Scouting program and includes the volunteer committees and staff working on volunteer training, youth development, and other program impact needs. The All Markets membership emphasis includes focus groups and special committees working to improve outreach to youth and families in various underserved ethnic populations, with literature and marketing materials targeting Hispanic/Latino families, Asian-American families, and African-American families. The BSA also participates in the [[American Indian Scouting Association]] in partnership with the Girl Scouts.
+
+The Outdoor Adventure Division oversees four high adventure bases: [[Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases|Northern Tier]] ([[Minnesota]], [[Manitoba]], and [[Ontario]]), [[Philmont Scout Ranch]] ([[New Mexico]]), [[Florida National High Adventure Sea Base|Sea Base]] ([[Florida]], [[US Virgin Islands]], and [[Bahamas]]), and [[The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve|Summit Bechtel Reserve]] ([[West Virginia]]), over one hundred separate camps and reservations specifically dedicated to scouts, and other special programs such as the [[Order of the Arrow]].
+
+Other divisions provides support for the [[World Scout Jamboree|world]] and [[National Scout jamboree (Boy Scouts of America)|national]] jamborees and International Scouting relations. The Membership Impact Division works to sustain marketing efforts and relationships with the national organizations that make up the predominant number of chartered organizations, such as [[Lions International]], [[Rotary International]], [[Kiwanis International]], [[American Legion]], [[Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks|Elks]], [[Veterans of Foreign Wars|VFW]], and all religious denominations chartering BSA units.
+
+The National Supply Group is responsible for developing and selling uniforms, apparel, insignia, literature, and equipment. It sells equipment and supplies through National Scout Shops, local council trading posts, authorized independent resellers, and online at ScoutShop.org. Supply Group also licenses trademarks for use by other commercial vendors. The Administrative Group provides internal administration service and support. It includes the Marketing and Communications Division responsible for marketing the BSA program, administering the national websites, and publishing ''[[Scouting (magazine)|Scouting]]'' for adult leaders and ''[[Scout Life]]'' (formerly ''Boys' Life'') for youth.
+
+The [[National Scouting Museum]] is located at Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico. Exhibits include high adventure sections, hands-on learning experiences, interactive exhibits, and a historical collection tracing uniforms, themes, and documents from the beginning of the Scouting movement in America. Among the museum's artifacts are the Eagle Scout medal of [[Arthur Rose Eldred]], the first [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]].
+
+The National Court of Honor certifies the BSA's highest awards: [[Advancement and recognition in the Boy Scouts of America#Lifesaving and meritorious action awards|lifesaving and meritorious action awards]], [[Advancement and recognition in the Boy Scouts of America#Distinguished service awards|distinguished service awards]], [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]] and the [[Quartermaster Award (Boy Scouts of America)|Quartermaster Award]].
+
+===National Service Territories===
+{{main|National Service Territories}}
+For administrative purposes, the BSA is divided into sixteen National Service Territories (NSTs) including international areas for scouts with parents serving outside the US. Each NST encompasses multiple states or portions of states/counties.{{r|NSTs}}
+
+Until 2021, the Boy Scouts of America was divided into [[Regions of the Boy Scouts of America|four regions]] for administrative purposes — Central, Southern, Western, Northeast.<ref name="bsaorg">{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Bill |title=Organization of the Boy Scouts of America |url=http://usscouts.org/aboutbsa/bsaorg.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215032728/http://usscouts.org/aboutbsa/bsaorg.asp |archive-date=2008-02-15 |access-date=2008-12-05 |website=U.S. Scouting Service Project}}</ref>
+
+===Local councils===
+{{main|Scout councils (Boy Scouts of America)}}
+
+[[File:Boy Scouts of America Atlanta Area Council HQ.jpg|thumb|Boy Scouts of America [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] Area Council headquarters]]
+
+The BSA program is administered through {{scoutstat BSA|councils}} local councils, with each council covering a geopolitical area that may vary from a single city to an entire state. Councils receive an annual charter from the National Council and are usually incorporated as a charitable organization.{{r|ussspbsaorg}}
+
+The council level organization is similar to that of the National Council. The council executive board is headed by the council president and is made up of annually elected local community leaders.{{r|bsarules}} The board establishes the council program and carries out the resolutions, policies, and activities of the council. Board members serve without pay and some are volunteer Scouters working at the unit level. Youth members may be elected to the council executive board according to the council by-laws.
+
+The Scout executive manages council operations—including finance, property management, advancement and awards, registrations, and Scout Shop sales—with a staff of other professionals and para-professionals. Volunteer [[Commissioner Service (Boy Scouts of America)|commissioners]] lead the unit service functions of the council, help maintain the standards of the BSA, and assure a healthy unit program.{{r|bsacommissioners}}
+
+The BSA charters two councils for American Scouts living overseas, largely on military bases in Europe and Asia. The [[Transatlantic Council]], headquartered in Livorno, Italy, serves BSA units in much of Europe, and the [[Far East Council]], headquartered in Japan, serves units in the western Pacific areas. The [[Direct Service]] branch makes the Scouting movement available to US citizens and their dependents living in countries outside these jurisdictions or in isolated areas. The [[Aloha Council]] in Hawaii also serves BSA units in the American territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and in the sovereign countries of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau.{{r|bsaaloha}}
+
+The Greater New York Councils are unique in that they are divided into five [[Borough (New York City)|boroughs]] with each led by a borough Scout executive and each borough then divided into districts.
+
+Councils are divided into districts with leadership provided by the district executive, district chairman, and the district commissioner.{{r|ussspbsaorg}} Districts are directly responsible for the operation of Scouting units and, except for the district executive, are mostly staffed with volunteers.{{r|bsarules}} The voting members of each district consist of volunteer representatives from each chartered organization having at least one BSA unit, plus annually elected members-at-large who in turn elect the district chairman. Boroughs and districts are subdivisions of the local council and do not have a separate corporate status.{{r|council}}
+{{see also|List of defunct councils (Boy Scouts of America)}}
+{{see also|List of council camps (Boy Scouts of America)}}
+
+===Chartered organizations and units===
+{{see also|Chartered Organizations of the Boy Scouts of America}}
+The Boy Scouts of America partners with community organizations, such as religious congregations, fraternal groups, service clubs, and other community associations, to provide the Scouting program for the particular neighborhood or community in which the particular organization wishes to reach out to youth and families. These organizations hold charters issued by the BSA and are known then as chartered organizations. Each chartered organization provides the meeting place for BSA youth, oversees the volunteer leaders, and agrees to follow the basic BSA safety policies and values-based program, and the organization is considered the "owner" of its local program, much like a franchise.{{r|CharterOrgHandbook}}
+
+Within each chartered organization, there may be one or more "units". A unit is a group of youth and adults which are collectively designated as a Cub Scout pack, Boy Scout troop, Venturing crew, or Sea Scout ship. Each chartered organization may charter as many units as it wishes, but usually only 3 or 4 (one unit for each program level). The BSA council provides the leader training, inter-unit activities, camping programs, volunteer and professional support, and insurance coverage. Units also create their own activities (such as monthly camping trips, outings, or service projects), and most meet weekly at the place of the chartered organization for youth to learn basic skill development and practice leadership in small groups known as dens and patrols.{{r|CharterOrgHandbook}}
+
+[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] was the first partner to sponsor Scouting in the United States. It adopted the program in 1913 as part of its [[Young Men (organization)|Mutual Improvement Association]] program for young men,{{r|Monson2}} and it was the largest single sponsor of Scouting until it ceased sponsoring Scouting units{{r|CharterNumbers}}{{r|OBrienB}} at the end of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church Announces Plan for Worldwide Initiative for Children and Youth – Church News and Events |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/church-announces-plan-for-worldwide-initiative-for-children-and-youth?lang=eng |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref>
+
+The BSA at its peak reportedly had 4.8 million members in the 1970s with its membership plunging to less than half across its 266 local councils; down from 2.9 million in 2006{{r|Treas2}} to roughly 2.3 million youth members just over a decade later.{{r|ForbesAllegations}}
+
+===Leadership===
+{{main|Leadership in the Boy Scouts of America}}
+All Scouting units above the Cub Scout pack (i.e. units serving adolescent Scouts), leadership of the unit comprises both [[Scout leader|adult leaders (Scouters)]] and youth leaders ([[Scouts BSA|Scouts]]). In fact, this is a critical component of the program. In order to learn leadership, the youth must actually serve in leadership roles. Adult leaders may be either men or women in all positions.{{r|CharterOrgHandbook}}
+
+A properly run Scouts BSA troop is run by the Senior Patrol Leader, who is elected by the troop, and their assistant, who may either be elected or appointed. These and the other youth leaders are advised and supported by the adult leaders. "Scouts are youth-led."<ref name="Green">{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Clarke |title=What is a "Youth-Led Troop"? |url=https://scoutmastercg.com/what-is-a-boy-led-troop |website=ScoutmasterCG |date=February 3, 2016}}</ref>
+
+===Finance===
+The National Council is incorporated as a [[501(c)]](3) [[non-profit organization]] and is funded from private donations, membership dues, corporate sponsors, and special events with total revenues of $237 million.{{r|bbb}}{{r|Form 990 2015}}
+
+In addition to donations from individuals, the BSA receives extensive donations from major corporations. In 2010, their top corporate donors were, in order, [[Intel]], [[Emerson Electric|Emerson]], [[Verizon]], [[3M]], [[Bank of America]], [[Wells Fargo]], [[Pfizer]], [[Valero Energy Corporation|Valero]], [[United Parcel Service|UPS]], [[U.S. Bank]], [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]], [[GE]], and [[Monsanto]].{{r|BirkeyA}}
+
+==Impact on American life==
+{{Further|Scouting in popular culture|List of Scouts|List of Eagle Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)}}
+[[File:FEMA - 28283 - Photograph by Mark Wolfe taken on 02-11-2007 in Florida.jpg|thumb|right|[[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]] Boy Scouts of America video]]
+Scouting and Boy Scouts are well known throughout American culture and approximately 110 million Americans have participated in BSA programs at some time in their lives.{{r|townley}} The term "Boy Scout" is used to generally describe someone who is earnest and honest, or who helps others cheerfully; it can also be used as a pejorative term for someone deemed to be overly idealistic.{{r|simon}}
+
+Prominent Americans in diverse walks of life, from filmmaker [[Steven Spielberg]] (who helped launch a merit badge in [[cinematography]]) to adventurer [[Steve Fossett]] to U.S. presidents, were BSA members as youths.{{r|mcbride}}{{r|freeze}} Over two-thirds of all astronauts have had some type of involvement in Scouting,{{r|nasa}} and eleven of the twelve men to walk on the Moon were Scouts, including Eagle Scouts [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Charles Duke|Charlie Duke]].{{r|bsa02558}}{{r|nasawatch}} The [[pinewood derby]]—a wood car racing event for Cub Scouts—has been declared "a celebrated rite of spring" and was named part of "America's 100 Best" by ''[[Reader's Digest]]''.{{r|readersdigest}}
+
+President [[Gerald Ford]] said, "I can say without hesitation, because of Scouting principles, I know I was a better athlete, I was a better naval officer, I was a better congressman, and I was a better prepared President."{{r|rumsfeld}}
+
+[[File:Norman Rockwell- Beyond the Easel.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Norman Rockwell's ''Beyond the Easel'', 1969]]
+[[File:BOY SCOUTS - NARA - 17419884.jpg|thumb|Boy Scout Troop 68 (1974)]]
+Famed American illustrator [[Norman Rockwell]]'s works were closely associated with the Boy Scouts of America for much of the 20th century.{{r|hillcourt|page1=43}} Beginning in 1913, Rockwell began illustrating covers of ''Boys' Life'', the magazine for BSA youth. He also drew the organization's [[List of Boy Scout calendar illustrations|annual calendar illustrations between 1925 and 1976]].{{r|hillcourt|page1=89}}
+
+In 1969, as a tribute to Rockwell's 75th birthday, officials of {{nowrap|[[Brown & Bigelow]]}} and the Boy Scouts of America asked Rockwell to pose in ''Beyond the Easel'' for a calendar illustration. As part of the [[United States Bicentennial|US Bicentennial]] celebrations in 1976, Rockwell's Scouting paintings toured the nation and were viewed by 280,000 people.{{r|hillcourt|page1=155}} In 2008, a twelve-city US tour of Rockwell's works was scheduled.{{r|bsascouting0803}}
+
+[[Alvin Townley]] wrote in ''Legacy of Honor'' about the large positive impact of Eagle Scouts in America. Townley cited such examples as how Scouts, especially Eagle Scouts, were disproportionately represented among [[Hurricane Katrina]]'s volunteer relief workers; just as they are disproportionately represented among members of the [[United States Senate]].{{r|townley|page1=152}} Former Governor [[Rick Perry]] of Texas is an Eagle Scout who defended BSA policies and restrictions against ACLU criticisms in his book, ''On My Honor: Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts Are Worth Fighting For''.{{r|PerryR}}
+[[File:Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America).ogg|thumb|[[File:The boy scouts of the Eagle patrol (1911) (14753402574).jpg|thumb|Boy Scouts of the Eagle Patrol]] [[Eagle Scout]]s ]]
+[[Mark Mays]], CEO of [[Clear Channel Communications]], told a magazine interviewer in May 2008 that, "Particularly in the very impactful ages of youth 11 to 14 years old, when they can really go astray and you're taking the time to spend with them and focus on cultural core values like reverent, trustworthy, loyal, and helpful—all of those different things ... Scouting has a huge positive impact on boys and their lives, and that in turn positively impacts our communities and society as a whole."{{r|bsascouting0805}}
+
+Mayor of New York City and business tycoon [[Michael Bloomberg]], said that the BSA's Scout Law required of all Boy Scouts—a Scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent—are "all the American values ... Americans have quaintly simplistic ways and direct ways of phrasing things ... I think it's one of the great strengths of this country."{{r|townley|page1=116}}
+
+[[Peter Applebome]], an editor of ''[[The New York Times]]'', wrote in 2003 of his experience as an adult participating with his son in Scouting activities, "I feel lucky to have had this unexpected vehicle to share my son's youth, to shape it, and to be shaped by it as well."{{r|applebome}} He concluded that, although Scouting is viewed by some as old-fashioned, "Scouting's core values ... are wonderful building blocks for a movement and a life. Scouting's genuinely egalitarian goals and instincts are more important now than they've ever been. It's one of the only things that kids do that's genuinely cooperative, not competitive."{{r|applebome|page1=319–320}}
+
+At the turn of the 20th century, [[Halloween]] had turned into a night of [[vandalism]], with destruction of property and cruelty to animals and people.{{r|nyise}} Around 1912, the BSA, [[Boys & Girls Clubs of America|Boys Clubs]] and other neighborhood organizations came together to encourage a safe celebration that would end the destruction that had become so common on this night.{{r|deliriumsrealm}}
+
+The Boy Scouts of America are quite particular about how and when the Scout uniforms and insignia may be used in film and other portrayals; and for that reason, most films and television productions made in the US utilize "ersatz" Scouting organizations. Examples of this include the "Order of the Straight Arrow", portrayed in the ''[[King of the Hill]]'' cartoon series, and the "[[YCMA Indian Guides|Indian Guides]]" depicted in the 1995 [[Chevy Chase]] film, ''[[Man of the House (1995 film)|Man of the House]]''. One exception to this policy is the Walt Disney movie ''[[Follow Me, Boys!]]'' with [[Fred MacMurray]] portraying a Scoutmaster of a rural troop. It was released to theaters in 1966 and re-released in 1976. Another is the final scene of ''[[The Sopranos]]'' television show, where [[Tony Soprano]] sits down to dinner in a restaurant. At another table, several Cub Scouts, in full uniform, are seated.
+
+===Good Turns===
+[[File:Smokey with scouts.png|thumb|right|[[Smokey Bear]] with members of the Boy Scouts of America and the [[Camp Fire Girls]] celebrating the 50th anniversary of their founding in 1960]]
+[[File:Poston, Arizona. New Year's Fair. Pop corn stand run by girl scouts. - NARA - 536664.jpg|thumb|[[Poston, Arizona|Poston AZ]] Scouts 1955]]
+From the inception of the Scouting movement, Scouts have been urged to "Do a Good Turn Daily", as it is the slogan for the Boy Scouts of America. The first national Good Turn was the promotion of a safe and sane [[Independence Day (United States)|Fourth of July]] in 1912. During [[World War I]], ''Every Scout to Save a Soldier'' was a slogan used to motivate [[Effect of World War I on Children in the United States|children]] involved in Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts to help sell [[War savings stamps]].{{r|nyt1}} [[Scouting for Food]] is an ongoing annual program begun in 1986 that collects food for local food banks.{{r|SFF}}
+
+In 1997, the BSA developed Service to America with a commitment to provide 200 million hours of service by youth members by the end of the year 2000. As part of Service to America, the BSA provided service projects in conjunction with the [[National Park Service]]. In October 2003, the Department of the Interior expanded the program with the creation of [[Take Pride in America]], opening service to all Americans.{{r|takepride}} Service to America became Good Turn for America in 2004 and expanded to address the problems of hunger, homelessness, and inadequate housing and poor health in conjunction with the Salvation Army, the American Red Cross, Habitat for Humanity, and other organizations.{{r|"CNN"}}{{r|ussspservice}}
+
+==Controversies==
+On February 1, 2019, the Boy Scouts of America renamed its flagship program, Boy Scouts, to Scouts BSA to reflect its policy change allowing girls to join separate, gender-specific troops. On February 18, 2020, the National BSA filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection and is currently restructuring its financial situation. On November 16, 2020, the National BSA disclosed in their bankruptcy filings that over 92,000 former Scouts had reported sexual abuse by members of the organization. In December 2021, the insurer for the Boy Scouts of America agreed to pay $800 million into the fund for survivors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chase|first=Randall|title=Boy Scouts bankruptcy case reaches settlement, insurer agrees to pay $800M into fund for victims|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/12/13/boy-scouts-bankruptcy-case-800-million-dollars-fund-victims/6504441001/|access-date=2021-12-16|website=USA Today|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, the Boy Scouts of America agreed to pay an additional $2.4 billion into the fund as part of a bankruptcy settlement with payments beginning in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Knauth |first=Dietrich |date=2023-09-19 |title=Boy Scouts victims begin receiving settlement payouts as appeals continue |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/boy-scouts-victims-begin-receiving-settlement-payouts-appeals-continue-2023-09-19/ |access-date=2023-09-24}}</ref>
+
+===Sexual abuse cases===
+{{Main|Boy Scouts of America sex abuse cases|Youth Protection program (Boy Scouts of America)}}
+
+Scouting sexual-abuse cases are situations where youth involved in Scouting programs have been sexually abused by someone who is also involved in the Scouting program. J.L. Tarr, a US Chief Scout Executive in the 1980s, was quoted in an article regarding sexual assault cases against Scout leaders across all 50 states: "That's been an issue since the Boy Scouts began."{{r|ScoutsHonor}} Several reports have surfaced over the years regarding incidents of sexual abuse within the Boy Scouts of America to include incidents of repeat offenders.{{r|therecord.com|latimes.com}} There have also been several high-profile court cases that resulted in convictions and settlements involving such incidents.{{r|therecord.com|latimes.com}} On October 19, 2012, the Boy Scouts of America were forced by court order to release over 20,000 pages of documentation on 1200 alleged [[child sexual abuse]] cases within the organization from between 1965 and 1985.{{r|Goodale}} Legal claims against BSA for such matters continue to the present day.{{r|USAToday2019}}{{r|NBCNews2019}} Following its bankruptcy in February 2020, over 92,000 sexual abuse claims were filed with the bankruptcy court before the November 16, 2020 deadline to receive claims.{{r|AbuseClaims|NYT95SexAbuseClaims}}
+
+In the 1980s BSA developed its Youth Protection program, to educate youth, leaders and parents about the problem, and to introduce barriers to sexual abuse of children using the Scout program to reach victims. "Two deep" leadership dictates that no adult member can be alone with any youth member (other than their own child). Shortly after joining, youth must discuss with their parents a pamphlet on sexual abuse. Prior to joining, adults must take a youth protection training course, which must be renewed every two years. Since 2003, new adult members must pass a criminal background check (adults who were already members had to pass a background check by 2008). The Youth Protection Plan from the organization is linked to in a CDC report on such programs.{{r|CDC2}}
+
+===Financial problems===
+In recent decades, membership in the BSA and income have declined.{{r|ldsmay2018}}
+
+In addition, the organization spent millions of dollars to contest and settle lawsuits arising from sexual misconduct by BSA volunteers and employees dating back to the 1960s. From 2015 to 2017, it paid nearly $12 million to the law firm Ogletree Deakins for litigation counsel.{{r|The Wall Street Journal}} In its 2018 annual report, BSA officials said that the organization's future financial situation would depend on the outcome of various litigation and its costs. The annual report said that the BSA may have "to pay damages out of its own funds to the extent the claims are not covered by insurance or if the insurance carriers are unable or unwilling to honor the claims."{{r|IJR RED}}
+
+Accordingly, the BSA hired a law firm in December 2018 to investigate filing for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy.{{r|Fox News}} Such a bankruptcy could stop litigation of at least 140 lawsuits and prevent further lawsuits.{{r|Education News}} In October 2019, the BSA raised membership rates to cover its increased operational expenses, particularly insurance costs.{{r|RateIncrease}}
+
+On February 18, 2020, the organization filed for bankruptcy in the [[United States bankruptcy court|Bankruptcy court]] of the [[United States District Court for the District of Delaware|U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware]], listing liabilities of between $100 million and $500 million and assets of $1 billion to $10 billion. The bankruptcy filing came as the organization faced hundreds of sexual abuse lawsuits. As a result of the filing, all civil litigation against the organization was suspended.{{r|CNN}}{{r|Chap11}}{{r|Siemaszko}}{{r|Goodwyn}} Local Councils and units remained largely unaffected as they are standalone units.{{r|BankrPress}} BSA contends that it alone should be financially responsible for any settlements in the sex abuse case lawsuits.{{r|BSABankruptcy1}} Plaintiffs have complained that BSA is hiding its assets through its affiliates.{{r|BSABankruptcy2|BSABankruptcy3}} Critics of the filing derisively described the organization and its move as "bankrupt, but not because it's broke."{{r|notbroke}}
+
+===Anti-bullying movement===
+Due to reports surfacing in the 1970s and 1980s regarding a high level of [[bullying]] in the Boy Scouts, efforts were made to develop a no-tolerance bully policy within the Boy Scouts of America.{{r|WendelR}} In the 1990s, the Boy Scouts acknowledged that the organization had a problem with bullying, in particular due to a "boys will be boys" attitude within Scouting before the 1970s, when adult leaders tended to overlook younger or weaker Scouts who were "picked on" by older boys, such adult leaders feeling that bullying "toughened someone up", labeling boys as "snitches" and "tattletales" should bullying be reported to the adult leadership.{{r|TownleyA}}
+
+One of the more widely published accounts of Boy Scout bullying occurred in July 1987 when a Boy Scout at the [[Goshen Scout Reservation]] was severely beaten in his sleep by several other Scouts. The incident resulted in the Goshen staff changing the layout of its campsites, to prevent having sites in extremely isolated areas, as well as assigning camp staff members to each visiting troop as "advisors" and also to watch for fights or other trouble resulting from conflicts developing at the various campsites.{{r|IntressR}}
+
+In the 21st century, the Boy Scouts have adopted a "Bullying Awareness Program" which trains adults to recognize the signs of bullying, especially in isolated environments such as extended campouts in the wilderness or at summer camp. Parents are also advised on what to do, and whom to contact, should a Scout state they are being bullied by other Scouts. Dealing with the bullies themselves is also addressed, in particular those bullies who "game the system", pretending to be compassionate and apologetic to bully victims when adults confront them, only to return to such behaviors when the adults are no longer present.{{r|BullyAware}}
+
+===LDS departure===
+In 2018, [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]{{emdash}}the largest charter organization supporting BSA{{emdash}}cut ties with the BSA, substantially contributing to a net loss of nearly a million scouts and leaders. The decision was made in response to BSA membership policy changes, such as allowing openly gay and transgender people to participate in the organization.<ref name = SaltLakeTribune>{{cite web | url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/11/15/lds-church-leader-we/ | title=We didn't leave Boy Scouts, they left us, says Latter-day Saint apostle }}</ref>{{clear}}
+
+==Commemorations==
+<div class="center">
+{{multiple image
+| align = center
+| direction = horizontal
+| image1 = Boy Scouts USA, 1950 issue.jpg
+| height1 = 200
+| footer = In 1950 the US Post Office issued its first Boy Scout stamp, (left) commemorating the 40th Anniversary.<br />In 1960 it issued another stamp, commemorating the Boy Scout's 50th Anniversary.<br />Since then several other Boy Scout stamps have been issued.{{r|BSAStamp}}
+| image2 = Boy Scouts USA, 1960 issue.jpg
+| height2 = 200
+}}
+
+[[File:Boy Scouts of America, 100th Anniversary Commemorative Silver Dollar.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.9|{{center|Boy Scouts of America 100th Anniversary commemorative Silver Dollar<br />issued March 23, 2010 by the United States Mint{{r|BSACoin}}}}]]
+
+</div>
+{{clear}}
+
+== References ==
+<!-- Unused citations in comment block below -->
+{{Reflist
+|refs =
+<!--Alphabetized list of references; please note that quotation marks are excluded-->
+
+<ref name="2015Treasurer">{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2016 |title=2015 Treasurer's Report |url=http://scoutingwire.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2015-Treasurers-Report.pdf |access-date=September 26, 2016 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+<ref name="36Corps">{{Cite report |url=http://www.llsdc.net/sourcebook/docs/CRS-RL30340.pdf |title=Congressionally Chartered Nonprofit Organizations ("Title 36 Corporations"): What They Are and How Congress Treats Them |last=Moe |first=Ronald C. |date=April 8, 2004 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |id=Order Code RL30340 |access-date=June 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030063024/http://www.llsdc.net/sourcebook/docs/CRS-RL30340.pdf |archive-date=October 30, 2008 |department=CRS Report to Congress}}</ref>
+<ref name=AbuseClaims>{{cite news |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Eliott C. |last2=Vera |first2=Amir |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/16/us/boy-scouts-sex-abuse-deadline-bankruptcy/index.html |title=At least 92,000 have filed sex abuse claims against the Boy Scouts, legal team says |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=2020-11-18 }}</ref>
+<ref name="ABC101117">{{Cite news |date=October 12, 2017 |title=Boy Scouts Allowing Girls into Cub Program, but Will Keep Them Separate |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/boy-scouts-admit-girls-cub-scouts-create-program/story?id=50417637 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225122/https://abcnews.go.com/US/boy-scouts-admit-girls-cub-scouts-create-program/story?id=50417637 |archive-date=July 20, 2018}}</ref>
+<ref name="AdultTraining">{{Cite web |title=Adult |url=http://scouting.org/Training/Adult.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417203811/http://www.scouting.org/Training/Adult.aspx |archive-date=April 17, 2010 |access-date=April 30, 2010 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+<ref name="AimsMethods">{{Cite web |title=Aims and Methods Boy Scouts of America |url=https://www.scouting.org/programs/cub-scouts/aims-and-methods/ |access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref>
+<ref name="anderson">{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=H. Allen |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefernestthomp00ande_0 |title=The Chief: Ernest Thompson Seton and the Changing West |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0890962398}}</ref>
+<ref name="applebome">{{Cite book |last=Applebome |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/scoutshonorfathe00appl/page/325 |title=Scout's Honor: A Father's Unlikely Foray into the Woods |publisher=Harcourt |year=2003 |isbn=978-0151005925 |location=Orlando, FL |page=[https://archive.org/details/scoutshonorfathe00appl/page/325 325] |author-link=Peter Applebome}}</ref>
+<ref name="APSize">{{Cite news |date=February 12, 2014 |title=Boy Scouts' ranks drop after year of policy change |work=San Antonio Express News |agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.expressnews.com/news/us-world/us/article/Boy-Scouts-ranks-drop-after-year-of-policy-change-5229744.php}}</ref>
+<ref name="BankrPress">{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2020 |title=The Boy Scouts of America Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy to Equitably Compensate Victims While Ensuring Scouting Continues Across the Country |url=https://www.scoutingnewsroom.org/press-releases/the-boy-scouts-of-america-files-for-chapter-11-bankruptcy-to-equitably-compensate-victims-while-ensuring-scouting-continues-across-the-country/ |access-date=2020-02-18 |website=scountingnewsroom.org}}</ref>
+<ref name="bbb">{{Cite web |date=April 2010 |title=Charity Review of Boy Scouts of America |url=http://www.bbb.org/charity-reviews/national/children-and-youth/boy-scouts-of-america-in-irving-tx-1120 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105160926/http://www.bbb.org/charity-reviews/national/children-and-youth/boy-scouts-of-america-in-irving-tx-1120 |archive-date=November 5, 2010 |access-date=January 24, 2011 |website=[[Better Business Bureau]]}}</ref>
+<ref name="beardsall">{{Cite journal |last=Beardsall |first=Jonny |year=2007 |title=Dib, dib, dib... One Hundred Years of Scouts at Brownsea |journal=[[National Trust Magazine]] |publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty]] |issue=Spring 2007 |pages=525–555}}</ref>
+<ref name="BhuddismV">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Scouting in the Buddhist Community |url=http://www.venturingbsa.com/scouting.d/fact.sheets.d/02-209.html |access-date=February 5, 2018 |website=venturingbsa.com}}</ref>
+<ref name="BirkeyA">{{Cite web |last=Birkey |first=Andy |date=September 18, 2012 |title=Corporations Giving Big Money to Boy Scouts Despite Antigay Policy |url=http://www.advocate.com/business/2012/09/18/corporations-giving-big-money-boy-scouts-despite-antigay-policy |access-date=January 4, 2013 |publisher=The Advocate}}</ref>
+<ref name="BloombergBusinessweek">{{Cite news |date=April 17, 2019 |title=Boy Scouts Are Just Scouts Now, and That's Making Girl Scouts Mad|publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-04-17/boy-scouts-are-just-scouts-now-and-that-s-making-girl-scouts-mad}}</ref>
+<ref name="BPTrailLife">{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2013 |title=Boy Scouts or an alternative? Churches continue to deliberate |url=http://www.bpnews.net/BPnews.asp?ID=41094 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927004017/http://www.bpnews.net/BPnews.asp?ID=41094 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=October 2, 2013 |publisher=Baptist Press}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsa-discriminationlfl">{{Cite web |title=Learning For Life |url=http://www.bsa-discrimination.org/html/lfl.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609190056/http://www.bsa-discrimination.org/html/lfl.html |archive-date=June 9, 2008 |access-date=June 24, 2008 |website=BSA Discrimination}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsa02512">{{Cite web |title=Order of the Arrow |url=http://www.oa-bsa.org/pages/content/membership-and-induction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213033922/http://www.oa-bsa.org/pages/content/membership-and-induction |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=February 12, 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsa02558">{{Cite web |title=Astronauts and the BSA |url=http://www.scouting.org/FILESTORE/pdf/02-558.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622104220/http://www.scouting.org/FILESTORE/pdf/02-558.pdf |archive-date=June 22, 2011 |access-date=June 24, 2008 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsa524406a">{{Cite book |url=https://filestore.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/524-406.pdf |title=Boy Scouts of America Youth Application |date=September 12, 2017 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |id=#524-406 |quote=Children can be Scouts if they have completed the fifth grade and are at least 10 years old, OR have earned the Arrow of Light Award and are at least 10 years old, OR are age 11 but have not reached age 18. ... Venturers and Sea Scouts registered in a crew or ship prior to their 21st birthday may continue as members after their 21st birthday until the crew or ship recharters or until they reach their 22nd birthday, whichever comes first. |access-date=June 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142906/https://filestore.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/524-406.pdf |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsaaloha">{{Cite web |title=Aloha Council |url=http://www.alohacouncilbsa.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501115043/http://www.alohacouncilbsa.org/ |archive-date=May 1, 2008 |access-date=July 3, 2008 |publisher=Aloha Council, BSA}}</ref>
+<ref name=BSABankruptcy1>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Cara|date=May 6, 2020|title=Tensions rise over local councils' role in Boy Scouts bankruptcy proceedings|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2020/05/06/boy-scouts-bankruptcy-lawsuits-hit-local-councils/5175146002/|access-date=2020-08-03|website=USA Today|language=en-US}}</ref>
+<ref name=BSABankruptcy2>{{Cite news|last=Brickley|first=Peg|date=July 9, 2020|title=Boy Scouts Bankruptcy Roiled by Suspicions About Asset Transfers|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/boy-scouts-bankruptcy-roiled-by-suspicions-about-asset-transfers-11594325864|access-date=2020-08-03|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
+<ref name= BSABankruptcy3>{{Cite web|last=McCambridge|first=Ruth|date=July 13, 2020|title=Boy Scouts Hope to Have It Both Ways as Victims Accuse It of Hiding Assets|url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/boy-scouts-hope-to-have-it-both-ways-as-victims-accuse-it-of-hiding-assets/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715231207/https://nonprofitquarterly.org/boy-scouts-hope-to-have-it-both-ways-as-victims-accuse-it-of-hiding-assets/|archive-date=July 15, 2020|access-date=2020-08-03|website=Non Profit News {{!}} Nonprofit Quarterly|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="bsacommissioners">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Commissioners |url=http://www.scouting.org/commissioners.aspx |access-date=July 4, 2008 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+<ref name=BSACoin>{{cite web |title=2010 Boy Scouts of America Centennial Silver Dollar |access-date=July 6, 2021 |publisher=United States Mint |url=https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/commemorative-coins/boy-scouts-of-america-centennial}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsahistory">{{Cite web |title=History of the BSA Fact Sheet |url=http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629031545/http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2017 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsajambo37">{{Cite book |title=The National and World Jamborees in Pictures |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |year=1937 |location=New York |page=131}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsaldrtrng">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Basic Leader Training |url=http://www.scouting.org/BoyScouts/NewLeaderTraining/basic.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212170212/http://www.scouting.org/BoyScouts/NewLeaderTraining/basic.aspx |archive-date=December 12, 2008 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsalitig">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Litigation |url=http://www.bsalegal.org/litigation-222.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061226065122/http://www.bsalegal.org/litigation-222.asp |archive-date=December 26, 2006 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |website=BSALegal.org |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsamembers">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=At a Glance |url=http://www.scouting.org/media/mediakit/ataglance.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706042001/http://scouting.org/Media/MediaKit/AtaGlance.aspx |archive-date=July 6, 2012 |access-date=June 23, 2010 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}} ([[Learning for Life]] numbers are no longer reported)</ref>
+<ref name="BSAPressRelease101117">[http://www.scoutingnewsroom.org/press-releases/bsa-expands-programs-welcome-girls-cub-scouts-highest-rank-eagle-scout/ The BSA Expands Programs to Welcome Girls from Cub Scouts to Highest Rank of Eagle Scout] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20171011175337/http://www.scoutingnewsroom.org/press-releases/bsa-expands-programs-welcome-girls-cub-scouts-highest-rank-eagle-scout/ |date=October 11, 2017 }} Boy Scouts of America</ref>
+<ref name="bsarules">{{Cite book |title=Rules and Regulations of the Boy Scouts of America |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |year=1985}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsascouting0803">{{Cite journal |date=March–April 2008 |title=Rockwell and Csatari: A tour de force |url=http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0803/index.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Scouting (magazine)|Scouting]] |page=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611103850/http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0803/index.html |archive-date=June 11, 2008 |access-date=June 22, 2008}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsascouting0805">{{Cite journal |date=May–June 2008 |title=Leading the Way |url=http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0805/a-leading.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Scouting (magazine)|Scouting]] |page=33 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920050532/http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0805/a-leading.html |archive-date=September 20, 2008 |access-date=February 13, 2009}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsaseascouting">{{Cite web |title=Sea Scouts, BSA |url=http://seascout.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701222146/http://www.seascout.org/ |archive-date=July 1, 2008 |access-date=June 28, 2008}}</ref>
+<ref name=BSAStamp>{{cite web |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-modern-period-1940-present-commemorative-issues-1950-1959-1950-1951/boy|title=Boy Scout Issue |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |access-date=December 30, 2022 |ref=stamp}}</ref><ref name="bsasummit">{{Cite web |title=The Summit: Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve |url=http://scouting.org/100yearspre/100years/SiteFiles/1000/documents/Final_Fact_Sheet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710091633/http://scouting.org/100yearspre/100years/SiteFiles/1000/documents/Final_Fact_Sheet.pdf |archive-date=July 10, 2012 |access-date=June 29, 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsatitle36">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive right to emblems, badges, marks, and words |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/36/30905 |access-date=September 25, 2013}}</ref>
+<ref name="bsawbhistory">{{Cite book |title=A History of Wood Badge in the United States |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |year=1990 |asin=B0013ENRE8}}</ref>
+<ref name="BullyAware">{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2016 |title=Bullying Awareness |url=http://www.scouting.org/Training/YouthProtection/bullying.aspx |access-date=October 3, 2016 |publisher=BSA}}</ref>
+<ref name="case">{{cite court |litigants= Girl Scouts of the United States of America v. Boy Scouts of America |vol=18-cv-10287 |reporter= |opinion= |pinpoint= |court=U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York (Manhattan) }}</ref>
+<ref name="CBS News">{{Cite news |date=November 12, 2012 |title=UPS stops Boy Scout funding over anti-gay policy |work=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57548762/ups-stops-boy-scout-funding-over-anti-gay-policy/ |access-date=January 4, 2013}}</ref>
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+<ref name="CharterNumbers">[http://www.scouting.org/About/FactSheets/operating_orgs.aspx Boy Scouts of America Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201125642/http://www.scouting.org/About/FactSheets/operating_orgs.aspx |date=February 1, 2016 }}. Last updated December 31, 2013. Originally retrieved July 22, 2012 and again April 9, 2014 for comparison.</ref>
+<ref name="CharterOrgHandbook">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=THE CHARTERED ORGANIZATION REPRESENTATIVE GUIDEBOOK |url=http://scoutingwire.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Chartered-Organization-Representative-Guidebook.pdf |access-date=August 15, 2019 |website=scoutingwire.org |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |language=en-US}}</ref>
+<ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Ly |first=Laura |title=Boy Scouts of America files for bankruptcy amid hundreds of sexual abuse lawsuits |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/18/us/boy-scouts-bankruptcy/index.html |access-date=February 18, 2020 |publisher=CNN|date=February 18, 2020 }}</ref>
+<ref name="CNNGayScouts">{{Cite news |date=May 23, 2013 |title=Boy Scouts to allow gay youths to join |publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/23/us/boy-scouts-sexual-orientation/?hpt=us_c2 |access-date=October 2, 2013}}</ref>
+<ref name="CNNNameChange">{{Cite web |last1=Levenson |first1=Eric |last2=Watts |first2=Amanda |title=Boy Scouts is dropping the word 'boy' from its main program as girls prepare to join |date=May 2, 2018 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/02/us/boy-scouts-name-trnd/index.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref>
+<ref name="CongressionalCharter">Kosar, Kevin R. [http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS22230_20070123.pdf "Congressional or Federal Charters: Overview and Current Issues,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627062531/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS22230_20070123.pdf |date=June 27, 2012 }} Congressional Research Service, ''CRS Report to Congress''. Order Code RS22230 (January 23, 2007).</ref>
+<ref name="council">{{Cite web |title=How the Council Functions to Carry Out the Purpose of the BSA |url=http://www.scouting.org/filestore/commissioner/pdf/33071.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331174159/http://www.scouting.org/filestore/commissioner/pdf/33071.pdf |archive-date=March 31, 2013 |access-date=February 12, 2013 |website=THE COUNCIL |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
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+<ref name="Crary">Crary, David. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/06/boy-scouts-to-review-ban-_n_1575694.html "Boy Scouts To Review Ban On Gays; No Change Imminent"] ''Huffington Post''. AP. June 6, 2012.</ref>
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+<ref name="deliriumsrealm">{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2007 |title=A Brief History of Halloween in America |url=http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=410 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023071544/http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/articleview.asp?Post=410 |archive-date=October 23, 2007 |access-date=September 3, 2009 |website=DeliriumsRealm}}</ref>
+<ref name="DutytoGod">{{Cite web |date= May 13, 2018 |title=BSA reaffirms Duty to God aspect of all programs through resolution adopted at 2018 National Annual Meeting |url=https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2018/05/31/bsa-reaffirms-duty-to-god-aspect-of-all-programs-through-resolution-adopted-at-2018-national-annual-meeting/ |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=AARON ON SCOUTING}}</ref>
+<ref name="DVVote">{{Cite news |title=Boy Scouts vote to allow gay youth |work=Dallas Voice |url=http://www.dallasvoice.com/breaking-boy-scouts-gay-youth-10148603.html |url-status=dead |access-date=May 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701021937/http://www.dallasvoice.com/breaking-boy-scouts-gay-youth-10148603.html |archive-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref>
+<ref name="Eckholm">{{Cite news |last=Eckholm |first=Erik |date=May 23, 2013 |title=Boy Scouts End Longtime Ban on Openly Gay Youths |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/us/boy-scouts-to-admit-openly-gay-youths-as-members.html?_r=0 |access-date=October 2, 2013}}</ref>
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+<ref name="FamilyFactSheet">{{Cite web |title=The BSA Expands Programs to Welcome Girls from Cub Scouts to Highest Rank of Eagle Scout |url=https://www.scoutingnewsroom.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/BSA_Family-Entry-Fact-Sheet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012101957/https://www.scoutingnewsroom.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/BSA_Family-Entry-Fact-Sheet.pdf |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |access-date=October 12, 2017}}</ref>
+<ref name="FedCharter">"What is a congressional charter?", Knight Ridder Newspapers, December 12, 2007.</ref>
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+<ref name="ForbesAllegations">{{Cite magazine |last=Butt |first=Rachel |date=January 8, 2019 |title=Boy Scouts of America Seeks Survival Skills To Deal With Abuse Allegations |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/debtwire/2019/01/08/boy-scouts-of-america-seeks-survival-skills-to-deal-with-abuse-allegations/#2b2098c3581e |magazine=[[Forbes]] |access-date=January 7, 2019}}</ref>
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+<ref name="Goodale">Goodale, Gloria. (October 19, 2012) "[http://www.minnpost.com/christian-science-monitor/2012/10/boy-scouts-child-abuse-files-can-organization-withstand-their-rele Boy Scouts child abuse files: Can the organization withstand their release?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023000902/http://www.minnpost.com/christian-science-monitor/2012/10/boy-scouts-child-abuse-files-can-organization-withstand-their-rele |date=October 23, 2012 }}" ''[[MinnPost]]''. Retrieved October 21, 2012.</ref>
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+<ref name="marketwatch.com">Spain, William, [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/merck-cuts-funds-to-boy-scouts-over-antigay-policy-2012-12-10 "Merck cuts funds to Boy Scouts over antigay policy"], ''[[MarketWatch]]'', December 10, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</ref>
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+<ref name="ncsbsa">[http://www.ncsbsa.org/ National Camping School Resource Center]. National Camping School Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved March 5, 2012.</ref>
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+<ref name="ncsbsa4">[http://www.scouting.org/Training/TrainingUpdates/Archives/201105.aspx The Training Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315002150/http://scouting.org/Training/TrainingUpdates/Archives/201105.aspx |date=March 15, 2012 }}. scouting.org. Spring 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2012.</ref>
+<!-- <ref name="NewName">{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2018 |title=BSA unveils name of program for older boys and girls |url=https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2018/05/02/scout-me-in/}}</ref> -->
+<ref name="nj-7feb2017">{{Cite news |date=October 11, 2017 |title=Family Scouting |work=scoutingnewsroom.org |url=https://www.scoutingnewsroom.org/family-scouting/ |url-status=dead |access-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012101632/http://www.scoutingnewsroom.org/family-scouting/ |archive-date=October 12, 2017}}</ref>
+<ref name="notbroke">{{Cite news |last=Suddath |first=Claire |date=February 18, 2020 |title=Boy Scouts of America Is Bankrupt, But Not Because It's Broke |publisher=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-18/boy-scouts-of-america-bankrupt-but-money-troubles-have-just-begun |access-date=February 22, 2020}}</ref>
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+<ref name=NSTs>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scouting.org/outdoor-programs/properties/territory-maps/#cl-group-1|title = National Service Territory Maps}}</ref>
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+<ref name="NYLTCourses">{{Cite web |title=The Youth Leadership Training Continuum: A Guide for Scout Leaders and Parents |url=http://www.scouting.org/boyscouts/supplemental/18-632/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017092036/http://scouting.org/boyscouts/supplemental/18-632/index.html |archive-date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=June 29, 2015 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+<ref name="nyt1">{{Cite news |date=May 22, 1917 |title=Wilson Enlists Boy Scouts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1917/05/22/archives/wilson-enlists-boy-scouts-national-organization-will-help-to-get.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=September 23, 2009}}</ref>
+<ref name="NYT95SexAbuseClaims">{{cite news |last1=Schmidt |first1=Samantha |title=Boy Scouts must settle 95,000 abuse claims by next summer – or risk running out of cash |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/11/19/boy-scouts-bankruptcy-abuse/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
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+<ref name="pett8">{{harvnb|Petterchak|2003|pp=110–111}}</ref>
+<ref name="phillips">{{Cite thesis |last=Phillips |first=John Calvin |year=2001 |title=Selling America: the Boy Scouts of America in the Progressive Era, 1910–1921 |url=http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/PhillipsJC2001.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=University of Maine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910021746/http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/PhillipsJC2001.pdf |archive-date=September 10, 2008 |access-date=July 19, 2008}}</ref>
+<ref name="Post Blog BSA Ban">{{Cite news |last=McGregor |first=Jena |date=July 19, 2012 |title=After Boy Scouts of America reaffirms exclusion of gays, the biggest leadership question remains |newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-leadership/post/after-boy-scouts-of-america-reaffirms-exclusion-of-gays-the-biggest-leadership-question-remains/2012/07/19/gJQAxkfMwW_blog.html |access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref>
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+<ref name=RateIncrease>{{cite news |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Richard |title=The Boy Scouts of America Will Increase Their Membership Fees By More Than 80% |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/31/775256468/the-boy-scouts-of-america-will-increase-their-membership-fees-by-more-than-80 |access-date=January 27, 2020 |publisher=NPR |language=en}}</ref>
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+<ref name="Rogoway, Mike">{{Cite news |last=Rogoway |first=Mike |date=November 10, 2012 |title=Intel will end support for Oregon Boy Scouts over Scouts' policy on gays |work=The Oregonian |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/index.ssf/2012/11/intel_will_end_support_for_ore.html |access-date=January 4, 2013}}</ref>
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+<!--<ref name="sixmonths">{{Cite web |title=Details on temporary Eagle exception for new Scouts BSA members |date=January 31, 2019 |url=https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2019/01/31/temporary-transition-rules-give-new-scouts-bsa-members-the-chance-to-earn-eagle/ |access-date=March 21, 2019}}</ref>-->
+<ref name="size">{{Cite press release |title=2023 Report to the Nation |url=https://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/2023-Report.pdf |access-date=August 17, 2023}}</ref>
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+<ref name="STEMScouts">{{Cite web |title=About STEM Scouts |url=https://stemscouts.org/about-stem-scouts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414033401/https://stemscouts.org/about-stem-scouts/ |archive-date=April 14, 2016 |access-date=September 26, 2016 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
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+<ref name="TownleyA">Townley, Alvin, "Spirit of Adventure: Eagle Scouts and the Making of America's Future", Thomas Dunne Books (2009), pp. 181, 224–227</ref>
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+
+<!--UNUSED REFERENCES
+<ref name="bsadirectservice">{{Cite web |title=Direct Service, BSA |url=http://www.directservicebsa.org/ |access-date=July 3, 2008 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
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+<ref name="bsafareast">{{Cite web |title=Far East Council |url=http://www.fareastbsa.org/ |access-date=July 3, 2008 |publisher=Far East Council, BSA}}</ref>
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+
+<ref name="bsasouthern">{{Cite web |title=Southern Region |url=http://srbsa.org/ |access-date=June 28, 2008 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+
+<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transatlantic Council |url=http://www.tac-bsa.org/ |access-date=July 3, 2008 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="bsawestern">{{Cite web |title=Western Region |url=http://www.wrbsa.org/ |access-date=June 28, 2008 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="bsanortheast">{{Cite web |title=Northeast Region |url=http://www.nerbsa.org/ |access-date=June 28, 2008 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
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+<ref name="bsalicensing">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bsalicensing.org |access-date=March 5, 2008 |publisher=BSALicensing.org}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="bsamarketing">{{Cite web |title=The Merits of Marketing |url=http://marketing.scouting.org/ |access-date=July 4, 2008 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+<ref name="interamfoundation">{{Cite web |title=Interamerican Scout Foundation |url=http://www.interamfoundation.org/ |access-date=June 24, 2008 |publisher=Interamerican Scout Foundation}}</ref>
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+<ref name="bsagoshen2">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2009 |title=Virginia Site No Longer Being Considered for National Scouting Center |url=http://www.thenews-gazette.com/atf.php?sid=8953¤t_edition=2009-07-29 |access-date=August 12, 2009 |publisher=Boy Scouts of America}}</ref>
+
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+
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+
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+
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+<ref name="charitynavigator">{{Cite web |title=CEO compensation |url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm/bay/content.view/catid/68/cpid/304.htm |access-date=June 24, 2008 |website=Charity Navigator}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="charitywatch">{{Cite web |title=Top 25 compensation packages |url=http://www.charitywatch.org/criteria.html#top20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116173244/http://www.charitywatch.org/criteria.html |archive-date=January 16, 2007 |access-date=June 28, 2008 |website=American Institute of Philanthropy}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="praymember">{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2008 |title=Boy Scouts of America Membership Report – 2007 |url=http://www.praypub.org/pdf_docs/BSA_Membership_Report_2007.pdf |access-date=May 22, 2008 |publisher=P.R.A.Y.}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="nonprofittimes">{{Cite journal |date=August 1, 2006 |title=NPT's Power and Influence Top 50 2006 |url=http://www.nptimes.com/Aug06/sr1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216095207/http://www.nptimes.com/Aug06/sr1.html |archive-date=December 16, 2007 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |newspaper=[[The NonProfit Times]]}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="ussspcharacter">{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2007 |title=Character Connections |url=http://www.usscouts.org/usscouts/advance/cubscout/CharacterConnections.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803032745/http://www.usscouts.org/usscouts/advance/cubscout/CharacterConnections.asp |archive-date=August 3, 2008 |access-date=July 14, 2008 |website=U.S. Scouting Service Project}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="usssppromise">{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2007 |title=The Cub Scout Promise The Law of the Pack and The Cub Scout Motto |url=http://www.usscouts.org/advance/cubscout/cspromiselaw.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702220528/http://www.usscouts.org/advance/cubscout/cspromiselaw.asp |archive-date=July 2, 2008 |access-date=June 28, 2008 |website=U.S. Scouting Service Project}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="ussspcubacademics">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2007 |title=Cub Scout Academics and Sports Program |url=http://www.bookdownloading.com/article/detail/cub-scout-academics-and-sports-program/ |access-date=June 7, 2015 |website=U.S. Scouting Service Project}}</ref>
+
+<ref name="ussspcubadvancement">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2007 |title=Cub Scout Advancement |url=http://www.usscouts.org/usscouts/advance/cubscout/intro.asp |access-date=July 14, 2008 |website=U.S. Scouting Service Project}}</ref>
+-->
+}}
+
+==Further reading==
+* {{Cite book |last1=Block |first1=Nelson R. |title=Scouting Frontiers: Youth and the Scout Movement's First Century |last2=Proctor |first2=Tammy M. |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4438-0450-9 |location=Cambridge, UK}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Boy Scouts of America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GighAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT374 |title=Boy Scouts Handbook: Original 1911 Edition |publisher=Skyhorse |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-62636-639-8}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Macleod |first=David I. |title=Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870–1920 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-299-09404-1 |lccn=83-047763 |orig-date=1983}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Perry |first=Rick |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780979646225 |title=On My Honor: Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts Are Worth Fighting For |publisher=Stroud & Hall |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9796462-2-5 |location=Macon, GA |author-link=Rick Perry}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Petterchak |first=Janice A. |title=Lone Scout: W. D. Boyce and American Boy Scouting |publisher=Legacy Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-9653198-7-4 |location=Rochester, IL}}
+
+== External links ==
+* {{Official website}}
+* {{curlie|/Recreation/Scouting/Resources|Scouting resources}}
+* {{Gutenberg author | id=33988| name=Boy Scouts of America}}
+* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Boy Scouts of America}}
+* {{Librivox author |id=9067}}
+* [https://archive.org/details/BoyScoutsOfAmerica FBI file on the Boy Scouts of America]
+
+{{Scoutorg BSA |state = expanded }}
+{{Scouting in the United States}}
+{{Scouting}}
+{{WOSM|interamerican}}
+{{Subject bar|portal1=Scouting|portal2=United States|d=Q608132|auto=y}}
+
+{{Authority control}}
+
+[[Category:Boy Scouts of America| ]]
+[[Category:Scouting in the United States|.]]
+[[Category:Youth organizations based in the United States]]
+[[Category:World Organization of the Scout Movement member organizations]]
+[[Category:AmeriCorps organizations]]
+[[Category:Camping in the United States]]
+[[Category:Hiking organizations in the United States]]
+[[Category:Men's organizations in the United States]]
+[[Category:Organizations based in Irving, Texas]]
+[[Category:Youth organizations established in 1910]]
+[[Category:1910 establishments in the United States]]
+[[Category:Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress]]
+[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
+[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2020]]
+[[Category:501(c)(3) organizations]]
projects / BK-2020-09.git / commitdiff