en.wikipedia.org/La_Belle_Dame_sans_Merci/article.txt

   1 {{For|the 15th-century poem by Alain Chartier|La Belle Dame sans Mercy}}
   2 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
   3
   4 [[File:John William Waterhouse - La Belle Dame sans Merci (1893).jpg|thumb|[[John William Waterhouse]] – ''La belle dame sans merci'', 1893]]
   5 [[File:Henry Meynell Rheam - La Belle Dame sans Merci.jpg|thumb|''La Belle Dame sans Merci'' by [[Henry Meynell Rheam]], 1901]]
   6 [[File:Arthur Hugues - La belle dame sans merci.jpg|thumb|[[Arthur Hughes (artist)|Arthur Hughes]] – ''La belle dame sans merci'']]
   7 [[File:Dicksee Frank, La Belle Dame Sans Merci.jpg|thumb|[[Frank Dicksee]] – ''La belle dame sans merci'', c. 1901]]
   8 [[File:La Belle Dame sans Merci - Punch cartoon - Project Gutenberg eText 19105.png|thumb|''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazine cartoon, 1920]]
   9
  10 "'''La Belle Dame sans Merci'''" ("The Beautiful Lady Without Mercy") is a [[ballad]] produced by the [[England|English]] poet [[John Keats]] in 1819. The title was derived from the title of a 15th-century poem by [[Alain Chartier]] called ''[[La Belle Dame sans Mercy]]''.<ref name="symons_2004_title" />
  11
  12 Considered an English classic, the poem is an example of Keats' poetic preoccupation with love and death.<ref name="everest_2002_lovedeath" /> The poem is about a [[fairy]] who condemns a knight to an unpleasant fate after she seduces him with her eyes and singing. The fairy inspired several artists to paint images that became early examples of 19th-century ''[[femme fatale]]'' iconography.<ref name="cooper_1986_fatale" /> The poem continues to be referenced in many works of literature, music, art, and film.
  13
  14 ==Poem==
  15 The poem is simple in structure with twelve [[stanza]]s of four lines each in an ABCB [[rhyme scheme]]. Below are both the original and revised version of the poem:<ref name="keats_1905_selincourt" /><ref name="quiller_1927_keats" />
  16
  17 {|
  18 |-
  19 ! The original version, 1819  !!  !! The revised version, 1820
  20 |-
  21 |
  22 O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,<br />
  23 Alone and palely loitering?<br />
  24 The sedge has withered from the lake,<br />
  25 And no birds sing!<br />
  26 <br />
  27 O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,<br />
  28 So haggard and so woe-begone?<br />
  29 The squirrel’s granary is full,<br />
  30 And the harvest’s done.<br />
  31 <br />
  32 I see a lily on thy brow,<br />
  33 With anguish moist and fever-dew,<br />
  34 And on thy cheeks a fading rose<br />
  35 Fast withereth too.<br />
  36 <br />
  37 I met a lady in the meads,<br />
  38 Full beautiful, a fairy's child;<br />
  39 Her hair was long, her foot was light,<br />
  40 And her eyes were wild.<br />
  41 <br />
  42 I made a garland for her head,<br />
  43 And bracelets too, and fragrant zone;<br />
  44 She looked at me as she did love,<br />
  45 And made sweet moan.<br />
  46 <br />
  47 I set her on my pacing steed,<br />
  48 And nothing else saw all day long,<br />
  49 For sidelong would she bend, and sing<br />
  50 A faery's song.<br />
  51 <br />
  52 She found me roots of relish sweet,<br />
  53 And honey wild, and manna-dew,<br />
  54 And sure in language strange she said—<br />
  55 'I love thee true'.<br />
  56 <br />
  57 She took me to her Elfin grot,<br />
  58 And there she wept and sighed full sore,<br />
  59 And there I shut her wild, wild eyes<br />
  60 With kisses four.<br />
  61 <br />
  62 And there she lullèd me asleep,<br />
  63 And there I dreamed—Ah! woe betide!—<br />
  64 The latest dream I ever dreamt<br />
  65 On the cold hill side.<br />
  66 <br />
  67 I saw pale kings and princes too,<br />
  68 Pale warriors, death-pale were they all;<br />
  69 They cried—'La Belle Dame sans Merci<br />
  70 Hath thee in thrall!'<br />
  71 <br />
  72 I saw their starved lips in the gloam,<br />
  73 With horrid warning gapèd wide,<br />
  74 And I awoke and found me here,<br />
  75 On the cold hill's side.<br />
  76 <br />
  77 And this is why I sojourn here,<br />
  78 Alone and palely loitering,<br />
  79 Though the sedge is withered from the lake,<br />
  80 And no birds sing.
  81  ||  ||
  82 Ah, what can ail thee, wretched wight,<br />
  83 Alone and palely loitering?<br />
  84 The sedge is wither'd from the lake,<br />
  85 And no birds sing.<br />
  86 <br />
  87 Ah, what can ail thee, wretched wight,<br />
  88 So haggard and so woe-begone?<br />
  89 The squirrel's granary is full,<br />
  90 And the harvest's done.<br />
  91 <br />
  92 I see a lily on thy brow,<br />
  93 With anguish moist and fever-dew,<br />
  94 And on thy cheek a fading rose<br />
  95 Fast withereth too.<br />
  96 <br />
  97 I met a lady in the meads,<br />
  98 Full beautiful, a faery's child;<br />
  99 Her hair was long, her foot was light,<br />
 100 And her eyes were wild.<br />
 101 <br />
 102 I set her on my pacing steed,<br />
 103 And nothing else saw all day long,<br />
 104 For sideways would she lean, and sing<br />
 105 A faery’s song.<br />
 106 <br />
 107 I made a garland for her head,<br />
 108 And bracelets too, and fragrant zone;<br />
 109 She look'd at me as she did love,<br />
 110 And made sweet moan.<br />
 111 <br />
 112 She found me roots of relish sweet,<br />
 113 And honey wild, and manna dew,<br />
 114 And sure in language strange she said.—<br />
 115 I love thee true.<br />
 116 <br />
 117 She took me to her elfin grot,<br />
 118 And there she gaz'd and sighed deep,<br />
 119 And there I shut her wild sad eyes<br />
 120 So kiss'd to sleep.<br />
 121 <br />
 122 And there we slumber'd on the moss,<br />
 123 And there I dream'd, ah woe betide!—<br />
 124 The latest dream I ever dream'd<br />
 125 On the cold hill side.<br />
 126 <br />
 127 I saw pale kings, and princes too,<br />
 128 Pale warriors, death-pale were they all;<br />
 129 Who cry'd—'La Belle Dame sans Merci<br />
 130 Hath thee in thrall!'<br />
 131 <br />
 132 I saw their starv'd lips in the gloam,<br />
 133 With horrid warning gaped wide,<br />
 134 And I awoke, and found me here,<br />
 135 On the cold hill’s side.<br />
 136 <br />
 137 And this is why I sojourn here,<br />
 138 Alone and palely loitering,<br />
 139 Though the sedge is withered from the lake,<br />
 140 And no birds sing.
 141
 142 |}
 143
 144 ==Inspiration==
 145 In 2019 literary scholars [[Richard Marggraf Turley]] and Jennifer Squire proposed that the ballad may have been inspired by the tomb effigy of [[Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel]] (d. 1376) in [[Chichester Cathedral]]. At the time of Keats' visit in 1819, the effigy stood mutilated and separated from that of Arundel's second wife, [[Eleanor of Lancaster]] (d. 1372), in the northern outer aisle. The figures were reunited and restored by Edward Richardson in 1843, and later inspired [[Philip Larkin]]'s 1956 poem "[[An Arundel Tomb]]".<ref name="pau_20190516_chinchestereffigies"/><ref name="marggraf_20190716_chinchester"/>
 146
 147 == In other media ==
 148
 149 === Visual depictions ===
 150 {{Commons category|La Belle Dame sans Merci}}
 151 "La Belle Dame sans Merci" was a popular subject for the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]]. It was depicted by [[Frank Dicksee]],<ref name="dicksee_1890_painting" /> [[Frank Cadogan Cowper]], [[John William Waterhouse]],<ref name="waterhouse_1893_painting" /> [[Arthur Hughes (artist)|Arthur Hughes]],<ref name="hughes_18xx_painting" /> [[Walter Crane]],<ref name="crane_1865_painting" /> and Henry Maynell Rheam.<ref name="rheam_1901_painting" /> It was also satirized in the 1&nbsp;December 1920 edition of ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazine.<ref name="punch_1920_drawing" />
 152
 153 === Musical settings ===
 154 Around 1910, [[Charles Villiers Stanford]] produced a musical setting for the poem. It is a dramatic interpretation requiring a skilled (male) vocalist and equally skilled accompanist.<ref name="stanford_1910_score" /> In the 21st century it remains popular and is included on many anthologies of English song or British Art Music recorded by famous artists.<ref name="hyperion_2022_commerciallistingspromo"/>
 155
 156 In 1935, [[Patrick Hadley]] wrote a version of the Stanford score for tenor, [[SATB|four-part chorus]], and orchestra.<ref name="hadley_1935_score" />
 157
 158 Ukrainian composer [[Valentyn Silvestrov]] wrote a song for baritone and piano after Russian translation of the poem. It belongs to Silvestrov's song cycle ''Quiet Songs (Silent Songs)'' (1974–1975).
 159
 160 A setting of the poem, in German translation, appears on the 2009 music album ''Buch der Balladen'' by [[Faun (band)|Faun]].<ref name="faun_2009_balladen" />
 161
 162 A lyrical, mystical musical setting of this poem has been composed by [[Loreena McKennitt]], published in her 2018 CD ''Lost Souls''.<ref name="mckennitt_2018_lost" />
 163
 164 === Film ===
 165 The 1915 American film ''[[The Poet of the Peaks]]'' was based upon the poem.<ref name="reaves_1915_peaks" />
 166
 167 [[Germaine Dulac]]'s 1920 ''La Belle Dame sans Merci'' explores the archetype of the ''femme fatale''.<ref name="icr_20200829_filmdulac"/><ref name="dulac_1920_film"/>
 168
 169 [[Natassia Malthe]] stars as "The Lady" in Hidetoshi Oneda 2005 fantasy short of the same title.
 170
 171 [[Ben Whishaw]] recites the poem in the 2009 Keats biopic ''[[Bright Star (film)|Bright Star]]''.
 172
 173 ===Books ===
 174 The poem is mentioned in the story entitled "The case of Three Gables" from the 1893 book ''[[The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes]]'' by Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]. In it Holmes compares and matches the character sketch of Isadora Klein with La Belle Dame sans Merci.<ref name="doyle_1893_sherlock" />
 175
 176 In Agatha Christie's 1936 mystery novel ''[[Murder in Mesopotamia]]'', the plot is centered upon an unusual woman named Louise Leidner who is described multiple times as "a kind of Belle Dame sin Merci". One character describes her as possessing a "calamitous magic that plays the devil with things".<ref name="christie_2003_mesopotamia-cd" /><ref name="christie_1936_mesopotamia" />
 177
 178 [[Vladimir Nabokov]]'s books ''[[The Real Life of Sebastian Knight]]'' (1941), ''[[Lolita]]'' (1955) and ''[[Pale Fire]]'' (1962) allude to the poem.<!--books around 1950s, reference needed-->
 179
 180 The last two lines of the first verse ("The sedge has withered from the lake/And no birds sing") were used as an epigraph for [[Rachel Carson]]'s book ''[[Silent Spring]]'' (1962), about the environmental damage caused by the irresponsible use of pesticides.  The second line was repeated later in the book, as the title of a chapter about their specific effects on birds.<ref name="carson_2002_silentspring" />
 181
 182 The last two lines of the 11th verse are used as the title of a science fiction short story, "And I awoke and found me here on the cold hill's side" (1973) by [[James Tiptree Jr.]]<ref name="tiptree_1973" />
 183
 184 [[Roger Zelazny]]'s ''Amber Chronicles'' refer to the poem in Chapter Five of ''The Courts of Chaos'' (1978) wherein the protagonist journeys to a land that resembles the poem.<ref name="zelazny_1978_chaos" />
 185
 186 [[John Kennedy Toole]]'s novel ''[[A Confederacy of Dunces]]'' (1980) alludes to the poem in initially describing the main character's home.<ref name="toole_1980_dunces" />
 187
 188 [[Farley Mowat]]'s 1980 memoir of his experiences in World War II is entitled ''And No Birds Sang''.<ref name="mowat_1979_birds" />
 189
 190 ''[[Pale Kings and Princes]]'', a 1987 [[Spenser (character)|Spenser]] novel by [[Robert B. Parker]], takes its title from the poem.
 191
 192 The line is also featured in [[Philip Roth]]'s ''The Human Stain'' (2000) in reaction to Coleman describing his new, far younger love interest.<ref name="roth_2000_stain" />
 193
 194 In Chapter 32 of [[Kristine Smith]]'s novel ''Law Of Survival'' (2001) the protagonist, Jani, reveals her true hybrid eyes to the general public for the first time, then she asks another character, Niall, what she looks like.  Niall smiles and quotes a snippet of La Belle Dame sans Merci and gives Keats credit for his words.<ref name="smith_2001_survival" />
 195
 196 The Beldam in Neil Gaiman's 2002 horror-fantasy novel ''[[Coraline]]'' references the mysterious woman who is also known as Belle Dame. Both share many similarities as both lure their protagonists into their lair by showing their love towards them and giving them treats to enjoy. The protagonists in both stories also encounter the ghosts who have previously met both women and warn the protagonist about their true colours and at the end of the story, the protagonist is stuck in their lair, with the exception of Coraline who managed to escape while the unnamed knight in this poem is still stuck in the mysterious fairy's lair.<ref name="gaiman_2002_coraline" />
 197
 198 [[L. A. Meyer]]'s ''Bloody Jack'' series (2002–2014) features a take on La Belle Dame sans Merci, adapted to reflect the protagonists age. Mary "Jacky" Faber became known as "La belle jeune fille sans merci".<!-- reference needed-->
 199
 200 In ''Hunting Ground'' (2009) by [[Patricia Briggs]], La Belle Dame sans Merci is identified as The Lady of the Lake and is a hidden antagonist.<ref name="briggs_2009_hunting" />
 201
 202 [[David Foster Wallace]]'s 2011 novel ''[[The Pale King]]'' alludes to the poem in its title.<ref name="wallace_2011_king" />
 203
 204 [[Cassandra Clare]]'s 2016 collection of novellas ''[[Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy]]'' includes a novella titled Pale Kings and Princes, named after the line "I saw pale kings and princes too/Pale warriors, death-pale were they all". Three of the poem's stanzas are also excerpted in the story.<ref name="clare_2016_shadowhunter" />
 205
 206 The last two lines of the first verse ("The sedge has withered from the lake/And no birds sing") are used in the text of the 2019 Nebula award-winning science fiction story ''[[This Is How You Lose the Time War]]'' by Amal El-Mohtar and Max Gladstone (2019).<ref>"This Is How You Lose The Time War" by Amal El-Mohtar and Max Gladstone (Saga books, 2019)</ref>
 207
 208 ===Television===
 209 {{Expand section | date = November 2018}}
 210
 211 ''[[Rosemary & Thyme]]'' – Season 1, Episode 1<ref name="rosemary_20030831" />
 212
 213 [[Californication (TV series)|''Californication'']] – Season 1, Episode 5<ref name="californ_20070910" />
 214
 215 ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' – Season 6, Episode 5<ref name="abbey_20151018" />
 216
 217 ''[[Victoria (UK TV series)|Victoria]]'' – Season 2, Episode 3<ref name="victoria_20170910" />
 218
 219 The theme of a woman seducing men to keep herself immortal is in ''The Twilight Zone'' series episode "[[Queen of the Nile (The Twilight Zone)|Queen of the Nile]]".
 220
 221 It has also been suggested that there is a strong similarity with the plot of Monty Python's [[Seduced Milkmen]] sketch.
 222
 223 ===Other===
 224 In a March 2017 interview with ''[[The Quietus]]'' the English songwriter and musician [[John Lydon]] cited the poem as a favourite.<ref name="quietus_20170321_interview-fb" />
 225
 226 In the popular trading card game, ''Magic the Gathering'', the card "Merieke Ri Berit" is modeled after this poem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Merieke Ri Berit|url=https://mtg.gamepedia.com/Merieke_Ri_Berit|access-date=2020-06-12|website=MTG Wiki|language=en}}</ref>
 227
 228 ==References==
 229 {{Reflist|refs=
 230
 231 <ref name="abbey_20151018">{{Cite episode
 232  |title         = Episode 5
 233  |episode-link  = List_of_Downton_Abbey_episodes#Series_6_(2015)
 234  |series        = Downton Abbey
 235  |series-link   = Downton Abbey
 236  |first         = Fellowes
 237  |last          = Julian
 238  |network       = ITV
 239  |date          = 2015-10-18
 240  |season        = 6
 241  |number        = 5
 242  |language      = en
 243  |oclc          = 932137942
 244 }}</ref>
 245
 246 <ref name="briggs_2009_hunting">{{cite book |title       = Hunting Ground
 247  |last          = Briggs
 248  |first         = Patricia
 249  |date          = 2009
 250  |location      = New York
 251  |publisher     = Berkley Pub. Group
 252  |oclc          = 865278362
 253  |isbn          = 9780441017386
 254  |author-link   = Patricia Briggs
 255  |url-access    = registration
 256  |url           = https://archive.org/details/huntingground00brig
 257 }}</ref>
 258
 259 <ref name="californ_20070910">{{Cite episode
 260  |title         = LOL
 261  |episode-link  = List_of_Californication_episodes#Season_1_(2007)
 262  |series        = Californication
 263  |series-link   = Californication (TV series)
 264  |first         = Tom
 265  |last          = Kampinos
 266  |network       = Showtime
 267  |date          = 2007-09-10
 268  |season        = 1
 269  |number        = 5
 270  |language      = en
 271  |oclc          = 941908978
 272 }}</ref>
 273
 274 <ref name="carson_2002_silentspring">{{cite book
 275  |title         = [[Silent Spring]]
 276  |last          = Carson
 277  |first         = Rachel
 278  |date          = 2002
 279  |publisher     = [[Houghton Mifflin]]
 280  |location      = Cambridge, Massachusetts
 281  |author-link   = Rachel Carson
 282  |oclc          = 806409808
 283  |isbn          = 9780618249060 <!--Replace with ref to earlier version (ex:1962) if quote presence confirmed.-->
 284 }}</ref>
 285
 286 <ref name="christie_1936_mesopotamia">{{cite book
 287  |title         = Murder in Mesopotamia
 288  |last          = Christie
 289  |first         = Agatha
 290  |date          = 1936
 291  |chapter       = Chapter 19. A New Suspicion
 292  |location      = London
 293  |publisher     = Published for the Crime club by Collins
 294  |oclc          = 938286864
 295  |author-link   = Agatha Christie
 296  |quote         = But Mrs. Leidner was something out of the ordinary in that line. She'd got just that sort of calamitous magic that plays the deuce with things - a kind of Belle Dame sans Merci.
 297 }}</ref>
 298
 299 <ref name="christie_2003_mesopotamia-cd">{{cite AV media
 300  |people        = Christie, Agatha (author); Bakewell, Michael
 301  |date          = 2003
 302  |title         = [[Murder in Mesopotamia]] : A BBC Radio 4 full-cast dramatisation
 303  |medium        = audio compact disc
 304  |language      = en
 305  |time          = 01:16:55 <!--See also 00:20:03-->
 306  |location      = Bath
 307  |publisher     = BBC Audiobooks
 308  |isbn          = 9780563494232
 309  |oclc          = 938615128
 310  |quote         = POIROT:But Louise Leidner was no ordinary woman. DR REILLY:She certainly was not. She'd got that sort of... calamitous magic that plays the devil with things. Kind of a Belle Dame sans Merci.
 311  |author-link   = Agatha Christie
 312 }}</ref>
 313
 314 <ref name="clare_2016_shadowhunter">{{cite book
 315  |title         = [[Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy]]
 316  |last          = Clare
 317  |first         = Cassandra
 318  |date          = 2016
 319  |location      = London
 320  |publisher     = [[Walker Books]]
 321  |oclc          = 1028442554
 322  |isbn          = 9781406362848
 323 }}</ref>
 324
 325 <ref name="cooper_1986_fatale">{{cite journal
 326  |last          = Cooper
 327  |first         = Robyn
 328  |date          = 1986
 329  |editor-last1  = Dean
 330  |editor-first1 = Sonia
 331  |editor-last2  = Ryan
 332  |editor-first2 = Judith
 333  |title         = Arthur Hughes's La Belle Dame sans merci and the femme fatale
 334  |url           = https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/arthur-hughess-la-belle-dame-sans-merci-and-the-femme-fatale/
 335  |archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20170526185635/https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/arthur-hughess-la-belle-dame-sans-merci-and-the-femme-fatale/
 336  |url-status    = live
 337  |journal       = Art Bulletin of Victoria
 338  |volume        = 27
 339  |issn          = 0066-7935
 340  |publisher     = Council of Trustees of the National Gallery of Victoria
 341  |oclc          = 888714380
 342  |archive-date  = 2017-05-26
 343  |access-date   = 2018-11-30
 344 }}</ref>
 345
 346 <ref name="crane_1865_painting">{{Citation
 347  |last          = Crane
 348  |first         = Walter T.
 349  |year          = 1865
 350  |title         = Le belle Dame Sans Merci
 351  |publisher     = Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
 352  |url           = https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Walter_T._Crane_-_La_belle_Dame_Sans_Merci_(1865).jpg&oldid=290464764
 353  |access-date   = 2018-11-30
 354 }}</ref>
 355
 356 <ref name="dicksee_1890_painting">{{Citation
 357  |last          = Frank
 358  |first         = Dicksee
 359  |year          = 1890
 360  |title         = La Belle Dame Sans Merci
 361  |publisher     = Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
 362  |url           = https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Redgirl_and_knight02.jpg&oldid=309188121
 363  |access-date   = 2018-11-30
 364 }}</ref>
 365
 366 <ref name="doyle_1893_sherlock">{{cite book
 367  |title         = [[The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes]]
 368  |last          = Doyle
 369  |first         = Arthur Conan
 370  |date          = 1893
 371  |author-link   = Arthur Conan Doyle
 372 }}</ref>
 373
 374 <ref name="dulac_1920_film">{{cite AV media
 375  |title         = La Belle Dame sans merci
 376  |people        = Dulac, Germaine (director)
 377  |date          = 1920
 378  |oclc          = 691529310
 379 }}</ref>
 380
 381 <ref name="everest_2002_lovedeath">{{cite book
 382  |last          = Everest
 383  |first         = Kelvin
 384  |author2       = British Council
 385  |author2-link  = British Council
 386  |date          = 2002
 387  |title         = John Keats
 388  |url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=9vZaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA86
 389  |publisher     = Northcote House
 390  |isbn          = 9780746308073
 391  |oclc          = 50526132
 392  |page          = 86
 393 }}</ref>
 394
 395 <ref name="faun_2009_balladen">{{cite AV media
 396  |people        = Faun (Album)
 397  |date          = 2009
 398  |title         = Buch Der Balladen
 399  |trans-title   = Book of Ballads
 400  |medium        = audio compact disc
 401  |oclc          = 1010338374
 402  |asin          = B00CV9225E
 403  |at            = track 10 "Belle Dame Sana Merci"
 404 }}</ref>
 405
 406 <ref name="gaiman_2002_coraline">{{cite book
 407  |title         = Coraline
 408  |last          = Gaiman
 409  |first         = Neil
 410  |date          = 2002
 411  |location      = London
 412  |publisher     = [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
 413  |author-link   = Neil Gaiman
 414  |oclc          = 441090183
 415  |isbn          = 9780747558781
 416 }}</ref>
 417
 418 <ref name="hadley_1935_score">{{cite AV media
 419  |people        = Hadley, Patrick (music), Keats, John (words)
 420  |date          = 1935
 421  |title         = La belle dame sans merci
 422  |medium        = printed musical score
 423  |location      = London
 424  |publisher     = Curwen
 425  |oclc          = 24862985
 426 }}</ref>
 427
 428 <ref name="hughes_18xx_painting">{{Citation
 429  |last          = Hugues
 430  |first         = Arthur
 431  |author-link   = Arthur Hughes (artist)
 432  |year          = <!-- Difficult to pin down.-->
 433  |title         = La Belle Dame Sans Merci
 434  |publisher     = Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
 435  |url           = https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arthur_Hugues_-_La_belle_dame_sans_merci.jpg&oldid=132350511
 436  |access-date   = 2018-11-30
 437 }}</ref>
 438
 439 <ref name="hyperion_2022_commerciallistingspromo">{{Cite web
 440  |url           = https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/tw.asp?w=W6062
 441  |title         = La belle dame sans merci - Hyperion Records - CDs, MP3 and Lossless downloads
 442  |website       = www.hyperion-records.co.uk
 443  |access-date   = 8 April 2019
 444  |archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20220507202804/https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/tw.asp?w=W6062
 445  |archive-date  = 7 May 2022
 446  |url-status    = live
 447 }}</ref>
 448
 449 <ref name="icr_20200829_filmdulac">{{cite web
 450  |url           = https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/proiezione/la-belle-dame-sans-merci/
 451  |title         = La Belle Dame sans Merci
 452  |website       = Il Cinema Ritrovato]
 453  |access-date   = 18 July 2022
 454  |archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506003403/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/proiezione/la-belle-dame-sans-merci/
 455  |archive-date  = 6 May 2021
 456  |url-status    = live
 457 }}</ref>
 458
 459 <ref name="keats_1905_selincourt">{{cite book
 460  |title         = The Poems of John Keats
 461  |url           = https://archive.org/details/poemsofjohnkeats00keat
 462  |last          = Keats
 463  |first         = John
 464  |author-link   = John Keats
 465  |editor-last   = Sélincourt
 466  |editor-first  = Ernest De
 467  |editor-link   = Ernest de Sélincourt
 468  |date          = 1905
 469  |location      = New York
 470  |publisher     = Dodd, Mead & Company
 471  |pages         = [https://archive.org/details/poemsofjohnkeats00keat/page/244 244]-247
 472  |oclc          = 11128824
 473 }}</ref>
 474
 475 <ref name="marggraf_20190716_chinchester">{{cite web
 476  |first         = Richard
 477  |last          = Marggraf Turley
 478  |author-link   = Richard Marggraf Turley
 479  |title         = How a stone knight inspired two very different visions of love from John Keats and Philip Larkin
 480  |publisher     = The Conversation
 481  |date          = 16 July 2019
 482  |url           = https://theconversation.com/how-a-stone-knight-inspired-two-very-different-visions-of-love-from-john-keats-and-philip-larkin-120377
 483  |access-date   = 25 December 2019
 484  |archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20220507202804/https://theconversation.com/how-a-stone-knight-inspired-two-very-different-visions-of-love-from-john-keats-and-philip-larkin-120377
 485  |archive-date  = 7 May 2022
 486  |url-status    = live
 487 }}</ref>
 488
 489 <ref name="mckennitt_2018_lost">{{cite AV media
 490  |people        = McKennitt, Loreena (Artist)
 491  |date          = 2018
 492  |title         = Lost Souls
 493  |medium        = audio compact disc
 494  |location      = New York, NY
 495  |publisher     = Universal Music Enterprises
 496  |oclc          = 1048033767
 497 }}</ref>
 498
 499 <ref name="mowat_1979_birds">{{cite book
 500  |title         = And No Birds Sang
 501  |last          = Mowat
 502  |first         = Farley
 503  |date          = 1979
 504  |location      = London
 505  |publisher     = Cassell
 506  |oclc          = 16557956
 507  |isbn          = 9780304307470
 508  |author-link   = Farley Mowat
 509 }}</ref>
 510
 511 <ref name="pau_20190516_chinchestereffigies">{{cite web
 512  |title         = Old sketches, maps and gothic effigies unlock secrets of John Keats's famous poem 'La Belle Dame Sans Merci'
 513  |publisher     = Aberystwyth University
 514  |date          = 16 May 2019
 515  |url           = https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/news/archive/2019/05/title-223178-en.html?bblinkid=160156052&bbemailid=13965598&bbejrid=1065862831
 516  |access-date   = 25 December 2019
 517  |archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20220718041655/https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/news/archive/2019/05/title-223178-en.html
 518  |archive-date  = 18 July 2022
 519  |url-status    = live
 520 }}</ref>
 521
 522 <ref name="punch_1920_drawing">{{Citation
 523  |date          = 1920-12-01
 524  |title         = LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCI
 525  |publisher     = [[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]
 526  |url           = https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_Belle_Dame_sans_Merci_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19105.png&oldid=241841701
 527  |access-date   = 2018-11-30
 528 }}</ref>
 529
 530 <ref name="quietus_20170321_interview-fb">{{cite AV media
 531  |url           = https://www.facebook.com/TheQuietus/videos/1341715772538876/
 532  |title         = The Quietus - John Lydon Official interview LIVE
 533  |date          = 2017-03-21
 534  |publisher     = Facebook
 535  |language      = en
 536  |access-date   = 2018-11-30
 537 }}</ref>
 538
 539 <ref name="quiller_1927_keats>{{cite book
 540  |title         = Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1900
 541  |url           = https://archive.org/details/cu31924011997909
 542  |last          = Keats
 543  |first         = John
 544  |chapter       = 633. La Belle Dame sans Merci
 545  |author-link   = John Keats
 546  |editor-last   = Quiller-Couch
 547  |editor-first  = Sir Arthur Thomas
 548  |editor-link   = Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch
 549  |date          = 1912
 550  |page          = 741
 551  |location      = Oxford
 552  |publisher     = Clarendon Press
 553  |via           = [[Internet Archive]]
 554  |oclc          = 239048
 555 }}</ref>
 556
 557 <ref name="reaves_1915_peaks">{{cite AV media
 558  |people        = Eason, Reaves (Director)
 559  |date          = 1915-04-12
 560  |title         = The Poet of the Peaks
 561  |medium        = motion picture
 562  |language      = en
 563  |time          = <!-- Insert relevant hh:mm time in movie referencing poem.-->
 564  |location      = USA
 565  |publisher     = Mutual Film
 566  |oclc          = <!-- None found-->
 567 }}</ref>
 568
 569 <ref name="rheam_1901_painting">{{Citation
 570  |last          = Rheam
 571  |first         = Henry Meynell
 572  |year          = 1901
 573  |title         = La  Belle Dame sans Merci
 574  |publisher     = Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
 575  |url           = https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henry_Meynell_Rheam_-_La_Belle_Dame_sans_Merci.jpg&oldid=119268210
 576  |access-date   = 2018-11-30
 577 }}</ref>
 578
 579 <ref name="rosemary_20030831">{{Cite episode
 580  |title         = And No Birds Sing
 581  |episode-link  = Rosemary_%26_Thyme#Series_1_(2003)
 582  |series        = Rosemary & Thyme
 583  |series-link   = Rosemary & Thyme
 584  |first1        = Brian
 585  |last1         = Eastman
 586  |first2        = Clive
 587  |last2         = Exton
 588  |network       = ITV
 589  |date          = 2003-08-31
 590  |season        = 1
 591  |number        = 1
 592  |language      = en
 593  |oclc          = 1040647468
 594 }}</ref>
 595
 596 <ref name="roth_2000_stain">{{cite book
 597  |title         = [[The Human Stain]]
 598  |last          = Roth
 599  |first         = Philip
 600  |date          = 2000
 601  |publisher     = [[Houghton Mifflin]]
 602  |author-link   = Philip Roth
 603  |oclc          = 930877308
 604  |page          = 27
 605 }}</ref>
 606
 607 <ref name="smith_2001_survival">{{cite book
 608  |title         = Law of Survival
 609  |url           = https://archive.org/details/lawofsurvival0000smit
 610  |url-access    = registration
 611  |chapter       = 32
 612  |last          = Smith
 613  |first         = Kristine
 614  |date          = 2001
 615  |location      = New York, NY
 616  |publisher     = Eos Books
 617  |oclc          = 48105904
 618  |isbn          = 9780380807857
 619  |author-link   = Kristine Smith
 620 }}</ref>
 621
 622 <ref name="stanford_1910_score">{{cite AV media
 623  |people        = Stanford, Charles Villiers (music), Keats, John (words)
 624  |date          = 1910 <!-- Note: This is an approximate year.-->
 625  |title         = La belle dame sans merci : ballad (For voice and piano)
 626  |medium        = musical score
 627  |location      = London
 628  |publisher     = Augener & Co.
 629  |oclc          = 433495401
 630 }}</ref>
 631
 632 <ref name="symons_2004_title">{{cite web
 633  |url           = http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/sym4int.htm
 634  |title         = La Belle Dame sans Mercy – Introduction
 635  |author        = Dana M. Symons
 636  |year          = 2004
 637  |work          = Chaucerian Dream Visions and Complaints
 638  |publisher     = Medieval Institute Publications
 639  |access-date   = 2018-11-30
 640  |archive-url   = https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144305/http://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/symons-chaucerian-dream-visions-and-complaints-la-belle-dame-sans-mercy-introduction
 641  |archive-date  = 2018-06-27
 642  |url-status    = dead
 643 }}</ref>
 644
 645 <ref name="tiptree_1973">{{cite book
 646  |title         = Ten thousand light-years from home
 647  |url           = https://archive.org/details/tenthousandlight00tipt
 648  |url-access    = registration
 649  |chapter       = And I Awoke and Found Me Here on the Cold Hill's Side
 650  |last          = Tiptree
 651  |first         = James Jr.
 652  |date          = 1973
 653  |publisher     = [[Ace Books]]
 654  |location      = New York
 655  |oclc          = 50687237
 656 }}</ref>
 657
 658 <ref name="toole_1980_dunces">{{cite book
 659  |title         = [[A Confederacy of Dunces]]
 660  |last          = Toole
 661  |first         = John Kennedy
 662  |date          = 1980
 663  |location      = Baton Rouge
 664  |publisher     = Louisiana State University Press
 665  |oclc          = 318457173
 666  |isbn          = 9780807106570
 667  |author-link   = John Kennedy Toole
 668 }}</ref>
 669
 670 <ref name="wallace_2011_king">{{cite book
 671  |title         = [[The Pale King]]
 672  |last          = Wallace
 673  |first         = David Foster
 674  |date          = 2011
 675  |location      = London
 676  |publisher     = Hamish Hamilton
 677  |oclc          = 729687079
 678  |isbn          = 9780241144800
 679  |author-link   = David Foster Wallace
 680 }}</ref>
 681
 682 <ref name="zelazny_1978_chaos">{{cite book
 683  |title         = Chronicles of Amber. Volume II
 684  |chapter       = Chapter 5, The Courts of Chaos
 685  |last          = Zelazny
 686  |first         = Roger
 687  |date          = 1978
 688  |location      = Garden City, New York
 689  |publisher     = Nelson Doubleday Pub.
 690  |oclc          = 316235986
 691  |author-link   = Roger Zelazny
 692 }}</ref>
 693
 694 <ref name="victoria_20170910">{{Cite episode
 695  |title         = Warp and Weft
 696  |episode-link  = Victoria_(UK_TV_series)#Series_2_(2017)
 697  |series        = Victoria
 698  |series-link   = Victoria (UK TV series)
 699  |first         = Sax
 700  |last          = Geoffrey
 701  |network       = ITV
 702  |date          = 2017-09-10
 703  |season        = 2
 704  |number        = 3
 705  |language      = en
 706  |oclc          = 1026276682
 707 }}</ref>
 708
 709 <ref name="waterhouse_1893_painting">{{Citation
 710  |last          = Waterhouse
 711  |first         = John William
 712  |year          = 1893
 713  |title         = La Belle Dame Sans Merci
 714  |publisher     = Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
 715  |url           = https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_Belle_Dame_Sans_Merci,_by_John_William_Waterhouse,_1893,_oil_on_canvas_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt,_Germany_-_DSC01228.jpg&oldid=260668475
 716  |access-date   = 2018-11-30
 717 }}</ref>
 718
 719 }}
 720
 721 == External links ==
 722 {{Wikisource|La Belle Dame sans Merci}}
 723 * {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-keats/poetry|Display Name=An omnibus collection of Keats' poetry|noitalics=true}}
 724
 725 {{John Keats}}
 726 {{Authority control}}
 727
 728 {{DEFAULTSORT:Belle Dame Sans Merci, La}}
 729 [[Category:1819 poems]]
 730 [[Category:Gothic fiction]]
 731 [[Category:Poetry by John Keats]]
 732 [[Category:Witchcraft in written fiction]]