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[BK-2020-09.git] / en.wikipedia.org / Vancouver,_Washington / article.txt

{{About|the city in Washington|the city in British Columbia|Vancouver|other uses|Vancouver (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name                     = Vancouver, Washington
|official_name            = City of Vancouver
|named_for                = [[George Vancouver]]
|settlement_type          = City
|image_skyline            = Vancouver WA Collage.jpg
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = <small>Clockwise from top: skyline of Vancouver viewed from the Oregon side of the [[Columbia River]]; [[House of Providence (Vancouver, Washington)|House of Providence]]; Old Apple Tree Park; [[Fort Vancouver]]; [[Esther Short Park]]; [[Vancouver Barracks]]</small>
|image_flag               = Vancouver wa city flag.png
|nickname                 = 
|motto                    = A colorful past, a bright future
|image_map                = Clark_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Vancouver_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize                  = 250px
|map_caption              = Location in [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|image_map1               = 
|mapsize1                 = 
|map_caption1             = 
|pushpin_map              = Washington#USA
|pushpin_map_caption      = Location in the United States
|pushpin_label            = Vancouver
|pushpin_label_position  = bottom  
|coordinates              = {{coord|45|38|N|122|36|W|region:US-WA_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type         = Country
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = State
|subdivision_type2        = [[County (United States)|County]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Clark County, Washington|Clark]]
|established_title        = Founded
|established_date         = 1825
|established_title2       = Incorporated
|established_date2        = 1857
<!-- Area -->
|government_type          = [[Council–manager government|Council–manager]]
|governing_body           = Vancouver City Council
|leader_title1            = Mayor
|leader_name1             = [[Anne McEnerny-Ogle]]
|leader_title2            = [[City manager]]
|leader_name2             = Eric Holmes
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_53.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=August 7, 2020}}</ref>
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 135.84
|area_total_sq_mi         = 52.45
|area_land_km2            = 126.25
|area_land_sq_mi          = 48.74
|area_water_km2           = 9.59
|area_water_sq_mi         = 3.70
|area_urban_km2           = 
|area_urban_sq_mi         = 
|area_metro_km2           = 
<!-- Population -->
|area_metro_sq_mi         = 
|elevation_m              = 52
|elevation_ft             = 171
|population_total         = 161791
|population_as_of         = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
|population_footnotes     = <ref name="wwwcensusgov" />
|population_density_km2   = 1461.14
|population_density_sq_mi = 3784.32
|population_est           = 184463
|pop_est_as_of            = 2019
|pop_est_footnotes        = <ref name="USCensusEst2019"/>
|population_urban         = 
|population_metro         = 2,478,810 (US: [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|25th]])
|population_rank          = US: [[List of United States cities by population|138th]]<br>WA: 4th
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP Code]]s
|postal_code              = 98660-98666, 98668, 98682-98687
|area_code                = [[Area code 360|360]]
|website                  = [http://www.cityofvancouver.us/ CityofVancouver.US]
|footnotes                = <ref name="cityofvancouver_2010_charter" />
|timezone                 = Pacific
|utc_offset               = −8
|timezone_DST             = PDT
|utc_offset_DST           = −7
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 53-74060
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 1531916<ref name="GR3" />
}}
'''Vancouver''' is a city on the north bank of the [[Columbia River]] in the U.S. state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. It is the largest suburb of [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name="Aberdeen Herald" /><ref name="The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest" /> Incorporated in 1857, Vancouver had a population of 161,791 as of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 U.S. census]], making it the fourth-largest city in Washington state.<ref name="2010 Census (City)" /> Vancouver is the [[county seat]] of [[Clark County, Washington|Clark County]] and forms part of the [[Portland metropolitan area|Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area]], the 23rd largest metropolitan area in the United States. Originally established in 1825 around [[Fort Vancouver]], a [[fur trading|fur-trading]] outpost, the city is located on the Washington–Oregon border along the [[Columbia River]], directly north of [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]. In 2005, [[Money (magazine)|''Money'']] magazine named it No. 91 on its list of best places in America to live.<ref name="cnn_2005_cityrank" /> In 2016, WalletHub ranked Vancouver the 89th best place in the U.S. for families to live.<ref name="wallethub_2019_cityrank" />

==Etymology==
Vancouver shares its name with the larger city of [[Vancouver]] in southern [[British Columbia]], Canada, approximately {{convert|300|mi|km|abbr=on}} to the north. Both cities were named after sea captain [[George Vancouver]], but the American city is older. Vancouver, British Columbia was incorporated 29 years after the incorporation of Vancouver, Washington, and more than 60 years after the name Vancouver was first used in reference to the historic [[Fort Vancouver]] trading post on the Columbia River. City officials have periodically suggested changing the U.S. city's name to Fort Vancouver to reduce confusion with its larger and better-known northern neighbor. Many [[Pacific Northwest]] residents distinguish between the two cities by referring to the Canadian city as "Vancouver, B.C." and the United States city as "Vancouver, Washington," or "Vancouver, USA."<ref name="columbian_20180511_tourismrevenue" /><ref name="businesswire_20180206_" /><ref name="ajot_20180502_vancouverusa" /> Local nicknames include "Vantucky" (though this is often used as a derogatory term)<ref name="bloomberg_20120529_fisherstatetax" /><ref name="vanvoice_20090601_lincolnsbeardvantuckey" /><ref name="vanvoice_2012_deadlink1" /><ref name="oregonian_20110517_cafevantuckyshirt" /><ref name="clarkcountyblog_20110516_cafevantuckyshirt" /><ref name="stumped_20110529_portlandneighborcities" /><ref name="columbian_20110605_vantuckyderogatory" /> and "The 'Couv(e)".<ref name="wweek_20070321_welcometothecouve" />

==History==
[[File:Fort Vancouver1859.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fort Vancouver]] in 1859]]
[[File:Marshall House Officers Row.JPG|thumb|left|The Marshall House in [[Officers Row]], built in 1886 and later named after [[George C. Marshall]]]]
[[File:Manufacturing opportunities in the state of Washington (1918) (14782578282).jpg|thumb|left|Wooden ship yard in Vancouver, 1918]]
[[File:VancouverWA1888.png|thumb|City of Vancouver as shown in 1888 map from ''Clarke County Auditor'', [[Washington Territory]]]]

The Vancouver area was inhabited by a variety of Native American tribes, most recently the [[Chinookan|Chinook]] and [[Klickitat tribe|Klickitat]] nations, with permanent settlements of timber longhouses.{{r|HOV-Natives}} The Chinookan and Klickitat names for the area were reportedly ''Skit-so-to-ho'' and ''Ala-si-kas,'' respectively, meaning "land of the mud-turtles."{{r|smithrgess_2001_chronology|oregonnativeson_1901_nativename}} First European contact was made by [[William Robert Broughton]] in 1792,{{r|riverimages|ourhistory}} with approximately half of the indigenous population dead from [[smallpox]] before the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] camped in the area in 1806.{{r|HOV-Natives}} Within another fifty years, other actions and diseases such as [[measles]], [[malaria]] and [[influenza]] had reduced the [[Chinookan]] population from an estimated 80,000 "to a few dozen refugees, landless, slaveless and swindled out of a treaty."{{r|HOV-Natives}}

[[Meriwether Lewis]] wrote that the Vancouver area was "the only desired situation for settlement west of the [[Rocky Mountains]]." The first permanent European settlement did not occur until 1824, when Fort Vancouver was established as a fur trading post of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. From that time on, the area was settled by both the US and Britain under a "joint occupation" agreement. Joint occupation led to the [[Oregon boundary dispute]] and ended on June 15, 1846, with the signing of the [[Oregon Treaty]], which gave the United States full control of the area. Before 1845, American Henry Williamson laid out a large claim west of the Hudson's Bay Company (including part of the present-day Port of Vancouver), called Vancouver City and properly registered his claim at the U.S. courthouse in Oregon City, before leaving for California.{{r|jollata}}{{rp|42}}  In 1848, Williamson had it surveyed and platted by [[Peter Crawford (land surveyor)|Peter Crawford]]. In 1850, Amos Short traced over the claim of Williamson and named the town Columbia City.{{r|dahp_20140330_vancouversurveyor}} It changed to Vancouver in 1855. The City of Vancouver was incorporated on January 23, 1857.{{r|historylink_20090807_vancouvernamehistory}}

Based on an act in the 1859–60 legislature, Vancouver was briefly the capital of [[Washington Territory]], before capital status was returned to [[Olympia, Washington]] by a 2–1 ruling of the territory's supreme court, in accordance with [[Isaac Stevens]]' preference and concern that proximity to the border with Oregon might give some of the state's influence away to Oregon.{{r|columbian_2006ish_capitoldispute|historylink_20030115_capitoldispute|wasenate_2005_honorolympia}}

U.S. Army Captain (and future President) [[Ulysses S. Grant]] was quartermaster at what was then known as Columbia Barracks for 15 months beginning in September 1852. Soon after leaving Vancouver, he resigned from the army and did not serve again until the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]]. Other notable generals to have served in Vancouver include [[George B. McClellan]], [[Philip Sheridan]], [[Oliver O. Howard]] and 1953 Nobel Peace Prize recipient [[George Marshall]].{{r|cityofvancouver_2007ish_150thanniversary}}

Army presence in Vancouver was very strong, as the Department of the Columbia built and moved to Vancouver Barracks, the military reservation for which stretched from the river to what is currently Fourth Plain Boulevard and was the largest Army base in the region until surpassed by [[Fort Lewis]], {{convert|120|mi|km|-1}} to the north. Built on the old company gardens and skirmish range, Pearson Army Field (later [[Pearson Field]]) was a key facility, and at one point the [[United States Army Signal Corps|US Army Signal Corps]] operated the largest spruce cut-up plant in the world to provide much-needed wood for airplanes. Vancouver became the end point for two ultra-long flights from Moscow, [[USSR]] over the North Pole. The first of these flights was performed by [[Valery Chkalov]] in 1937 on a [[Tupolev ANT-25]]RD airplane. Chkalov was originally scheduled to land at an airstrip in nearby [[Portland, Oregon]], but redirected at the last minute to Vancouver's Pearson Airfield. Today there is a street named for him in Vancouver. In 1975 an obelisk was erected at Pearson Field commemorating this event.{{Citation needed|reason=Need sources for Chkalov flight and Signal Corps presence|date=November 2019}}

The neighborhood of Sifton was the terminus of an early electric [[Tram|trolley]] operated by the Northcoast Power Company that also served nearby [[Orchards, Washington|Orchards]] from 1910 until 1926. The trolleys made ten stops and ran once per hour, charging 15 cents each way. A mural in the heart of Orchards depicts the trolley and the rural character of the area at the time it was operating. The community was named after Doctor Sifton, a promoter of the trolley service.{{r|origin}}

According to the archives of the Vancouver ''[[The Columbian|Columbian]]'' newspaper, the Orchards-Sifton route went along Vancouver's Main Street to 26th, then out 26th to K Street and thence north to 33rd. From there, it ran on 33rd over Burnt Bridge Creek and past the city limits. At that point the trolley became more like a regular train as it followed a cut through the wilderness. Few houses were seen between Vancouver and Orchards. The public's preference for motor cars in the 1920s heralded the end of the trolley.

Separated from Oregon until 1917, when the [[Interstate Bridge]] began to replace ferries, Vancouver had three shipyards just downstream which produced ships for World War I before World War II brought an enormous economic boom. An [[Alcoa]] aluminum plant opened on September 2, 1940, using inexpensive power from the nearby [[New Deal]] hydropower turbines at [[Bonneville Dam]]. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, [[Henry J. Kaiser|Henry Kaiser]] opened a [[Kaiser Shipyards|shipyard]] next to the U.S. Army base, which by 1944 employed as many as 36,000 people in a twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week production of [[Liberty ships]], [[Landing Ship, Tank|landing ship tanks]], and [[Casablanca-class escort carrier|escort carriers]]. This influx of shipyard workers boosted the population from 18,000 to over 80,000 in just a few months, leading to the creation of the Vancouver Housing Authority and six new [[tract housing|residential developments]]: Fruit Valley, Fourth Plain Village, Bagley Downs, Ogden Meadows, Burton Homes and McLoughlin Heights. Each of these was later incorporated into the city, and are well-known neighborhoods, while the neighboring "shipyard city" of [[Vanport, Oregon]], would be destroyed by the [[Memorial Day]] flood of 1948.{{Citation needed|reason=Need sources for lack of bridge with Oregon until 1917, 1940 aluminum plant, and WWII boom towns|date=November 2019}}

{{Recentism|date=November 2019}}
Vancouver has recently experienced conflicts with other Clark County communities because of rapid growth in the area. The city's first annexation more than doubled its size in 1909, with the largest annexation of 1997 adding {{convert|11258|acre|km2}} and 58,171 residents.{{r|cityofvancouver_2006ish_annexationhistory}} As a result of urban growth and the 1997 annexation, Vancouver is often thought of as split between two areas, East and West Vancouver, divided by NE Andresen Road. West Vancouver is home to downtown Vancouver and some of the more historical parts of the city, as well as recent high-density mixed-use development. East Vancouver includes the communities of Cascade Park East and West, which had populations of 6,996 and 6,956 in 1990 before annexation.

More than one-third of the Vancouver urban area's population lives in unincorporated urban area north of the city limits, including the communities of [[Hazel Dell, Washington|Hazel Dell]], [[Felida, Washington|Felida]], [[Orchards, Washington|Orchards]] and [[Salmon Creek, Washington|Salmon Creek]]. If county leaders had approved a major annexation plan in 2006, Vancouver would have passed [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] and [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]] to become the state's second-largest city.{{r|komotv_20051223_annexation}}

==Geography and climate==
Vancouver is located just north of the [[Columbia River]], just west of where the [[Columbia River Gorge]] bisects the volcanic [[Cascade Range]] and just east of where the [[Willamette River]] enters the Columbia. The city of Vancouver is in the Western Lowlands region of Washington. When clouds do not blanket the Puget-Willamette trough formed by the Cascade and [[Oregon Coast Range|Coast Range]], [[Mount Hood]], [[Mount St. Helens]], [[Mount Jefferson (Oregon)|Mount Jefferson]] and [[Mount Adams (Washington)|Mount Adams]] are all visible from Vancouver.

[[File:Interstate Bridge and Columbia River.jpg|thumb|The [[Columbia River]] waterfront]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|49.86|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which, {{convert|46.46|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|3.40|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files" />

Vancouver lies just north of Portland, Oregon and shares a similar climate. Both are classified as warm-summer Mediterranean (Csb) on the [[Köppen climate classification]], with certain key exceptions. High pressures east of the [[Cascade Range]] create something of a [[venturi effect]], leading to cold east winds down the Columbia River Gorge. Unsheltered by the [[Willamette Valley]], Vancouver has historically seen colder temperatures, including "silver thaw" storms where freezing rain cakes limbs and power lines. Such storms can paralyze Vancouver. This occasionally freezes the river, and in 1916 cut electric power in the city for almost two weeks. Rainfall occurs frequently throughout the fall, winter, and spring, but ceases around the middle of June, with dry and warm weather lasting through September. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|42|in|mm}}. Heavy snowfalls are infrequent and snow often falls and doesn't stick, with major snowstorms only occurring every 2–4 years. Close proximity to the river was also a concern for flooding, before dams constricted the river, destroying features such as [[Celilo Falls]]. Periodic floods have been a nuisance, with two of the most destructive in June 1894 and May 1948. The 1948 [[Memorial Day]] flood almost topped the Interstate Bridge's support piers and completely destroyed nearby [[Vanport, Oregon]]. Other unusual storms include the [[Columbus Day]] windstorm of 1962 and [[1972 Portland–Vancouver tornado|an April 5, 1972 tornado]] which rated F3 on the [[Fujita scale]], striking a local school. An EF1 tornado struck on January 10, 2008 just after noon causing moderate damage along a {{convert|2|mi|km|adj=on}} path from [[Vancouver Lake]] to the unincorporated Hazel Dell area.{{citation needed|reason=Need sources for various climate events mentioned|date=November 2019}}

Because many Vancouver residents work in Portland, there is typically significant rush hour traffic congestion on two bridges that cross the Columbia River – the [[Interstate Bridge]] and the [[Glenn Jackson Bridge]].  In 2017 there were 297,932 weekday vehicle crossings on the two bridges.<ref name="swwrtc_2019_columbiariverbridgestats" />

{{Weather box
|location = Vancouver, Washington (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1891–present)
|single line = Y
| Jan record high F  = 66
| Feb record high F  = 73
| Mar record high F  = 83
| Apr record high F  = 90
| May record high F  = 99
| Jun record high F  = 105
| Jul record high F  = 108
| Aug record high F  = 105
| Sep record high F  = 103
| Oct record high F  = 90
| Nov record high F  = 72
| Dec record high F  = 65
| year record high F = 108
| Jan avg record high F  = 57.9
| Feb avg record high F  = 61.6
| Mar avg record high F  = 68.9
| Apr avg record high F  = 78.5
| May avg record high F  = 86.6
| Jun avg record high F  = 90.3
| Jul avg record high F  = 95.2
| Aug avg record high F  = 95.6
| Sep avg record high F  = 90.0
| Oct avg record high F  = 77.6
| Nov avg record high F  = 63.1
| Dec avg record high F  = 57.1
| year avg record high F = 99.1
| Jan high F  = 47.1
| Feb high F  = 51.0
| Mar high F  = 55.9
| Apr high F  = 60.5
| May high F  = 67.0
| Jun high F  = 72.3
| Jul high F  = 78.7
| Aug high F  = 79.9
| Sep high F  = 74.8
| Oct high F  = 63.4
| Nov high F  = 52.4
| Dec high F  = 45.6
| year high F = 62.3
| Jan mean F  = 40.4
| Feb mean F  = 42.3
| Mar mean F  = 46.7
| Apr mean F  = 50.7
| May mean F  = 56.6
| Jun mean F  = 61.6
| Jul mean F  = 66.6
| Aug mean F  = 67.1
| Sep mean F  = 61.9
| Oct mean F  = 53.0
| Nov mean F  = 45.3
| Dec mean F  = 39.4
| year mean F = 52.6
| Jan low F  = 33.7
| Feb low F  = 33.7
| Mar low F  = 37.5
| Apr low F  = 40.8
| May low F  = 46.2
| Jun low F  = 50.9
| Jul low F  = 54.5
| Aug low F  = 54.2
| Sep low F  = 49.0
| Oct low F  = 42.6
| Nov low F  = 38.2
| Dec low F  = 33.1
| year low F = 42.8
| Jan avg record low F  = 21.1
| Feb avg record low F  = 20.3
| Mar avg record low F  = 27.0
| Apr avg record low F  = 30.4
| May avg record low F  = 35.4
| Jun avg record low F  = 42.3
| Jul avg record low F  = 46.0
| Aug avg record low F  = 45.1
| Sep avg record low F  = 39.0
| Oct avg record low F  = 30.7
| Nov avg record low F  = 24.8
| Dec avg record low F  = 19.6
| year avg record low F = 14.5
| Jan record low F  = -8
| Feb record low F  = -3
| Mar record low F  = 18
| Apr record low F  = 24
| May record low F  = 28
| Jun record low F  = 34
| Jul record low F  = 37
| Aug record low F  = 35
| Sep record low F  = 28
| Oct record low F  = 21
| Nov record low F  = 6
| Dec record low F  = -10
| year record low F = -10
| precipitation colour    = green
| Jan precipitation inch  = 5.49
| Feb precipitation inch  = 4.13
| Mar precipitation inch  = 3.87
| Apr precipitation inch  = 3.10
| May precipitation inch  = 2.49
| Jun precipitation inch  = 1.79
| Jul precipitation inch  = 0.75
| Aug precipitation inch  = 0.71
| Sep precipitation inch  = 1.45
| Oct precipitation inch  = 2.93
| Nov precipitation inch  = 6.13
| Dec precipitation inch  = 5.82
| year precipitation inch = 36.65
| Jan snow inch  = 0.8
| Feb snow inch  = 1.1
| Mar snow inch  = 0.4
| Apr snow inch  = 0.0
| May snow inch  = 0.0
| Jun snow inch  = 0.0
| Jul snow inch  = 0.0
| Aug snow inch  = 0.0
| Sep snow inch  = 0.0
| Oct snow inch  = 0.0
| Nov snow inch  = 0.0
| Dec snow inch  = 0.5
| year snow inch = 1.0
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in.
| Jan precipitation days  = 20.1
| Feb precipitation days  = 16.0
| Mar precipitation days  = 18.4
| Apr precipitation days  = 17.6
| May precipitation days  = 14.3
| Jun precipitation days  = 9.4
| Jul precipitation days  = 4.5
| Aug precipitation days  = 3.8
| Sep precipitation days  = 7.6
| Oct precipitation days  = 14.4
| Nov precipitation days  = 20.5
| Dec precipitation days  = 19.8
| year precipitation days = 163.7
| unit snow days = 0.1 in.
| Jan snow days  = 0.3
| Feb snow days  = 0.8
| Mar snow days  = 0.2
| Apr snow days  = 0.0
| May snow days  = 0.0
| Jun snow days  = 0.0
| Jul snow days  = 0.0
| Aug snow days  = 0.0
| Sep snow days  = 0.0
| Oct snow days  = 0.0
| Nov snow days  = 0.0
| Dec snow days  = 0.5
| year snow days = 1.4
| source = NOAA<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=pqr |title=NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=NOAA |access-date=July 22, 2020 }}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1880= 1722
|1890= 3545
|1900= 3126
|1910= 9300
|1920= 12637
|1930= 15766
|1940= 18788
|1950= 41664
|1960= 32464
|1970= 41859
|1980= 42834
|1990= 46380
|2000= 143560
|2010= 161791
|estyear=2019
|estimate=184463
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2019">{{cite web |date=May 2020 |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Washington: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-cities-and-towns.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=May 21, 2020}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="uscensus_popest" /><br>2018 Estimate<ref name="2018 Pop Estimate" />
}}

===2010 census===
As of the census<ref name="wwwcensusgov" /> of 2010, there were 161,791 people, 65,691 households, and 40,246 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3482.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 70,005 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1506.8|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 80.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 2.9% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.0% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 5.0% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 1.0% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 4.3% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 4.8% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] people of any race were 10.4% of the population.

There were 65,691 households, of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.7% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.02.

The median age in the city was 35.9 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64; and 12.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

===2000 census===
As of the census of 2000, there were 143,560 people, 56,628 households, and 36,298 families living in the city. The population density is 3,354.7 people per square mile (1,295.4/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 60,039 housing units at an average density of 1,403.0 per square mile (541.7/km<sup>2</sup>). According to the 2010 US Census, The racial makeup of the city was 76.2% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 2.9% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.0% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 5.0% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 1.0% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], and 4.80% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] people of any race were 10.4% of the population.<ref name="test" /> 16.4% were of German, 9.2% English, 8.4% Irish and 7.9% American ancestry. 89.2% spoke English, 5.1% Spanish, 3.2% Russian, 1.4% [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and 1.1% [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] as their first language. A large increase in persons with Russian or Ukrainian as their primary language has occurred.

There were 56,628 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.

The [[median]] income for a household in the city was $41,618, and the median income for a family was $47,696. Males had a median income of $37,306 versus $26,940 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,192. 9.4% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under the age of 18 and 8.2% of those 65 and older.

==Economy==
{{More citations needed|date=May 2013}}
[[File:Uptown Village.jpg|thumb|upright|The banner of the Uptown Village neighborhood]]
The Vancouver economy is characterized by [[Border#Border economics|border economics]] with neighboring Portland, Oregon. The state of Washington levies no individual or corporate income taxes and levies a property tax below the national average and a sales tax above the national median.<ref name="taxfoundation_taxsumwa" /> The State of Oregon has even lower property taxes and no sales tax but one of the highest state income taxes.<ref name="taxfoundation_taxsumor" /> As a result, many Vancouver residents prefer to shop in neighboring Portland where they do not pay sales taxes,<ref name="pew_20120418_portlandwashtax" /> then live and work in Vancouver where they do not pay state income tax. (Washington residents who work in Oregon must pay Oregon income tax.) For the same reasons, the city is popular with retirees. Conversely, the city is less favored by students and young adults.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}} In 2003, 70% of workers in Vancouver worked in Clark County. There is a risk in sales tax avoidance because Washington has a use tax due on all purchases made in Oregon that are then returned to Washington. Vancouver residents "shop at their own risk" when attempting to avoid the sales tax in Washington, although the rule is rarely, if ever, enforced{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} except for purchases requiring registration, such as motor vehicles.

The taxation and demographics of the area depresses the retail sector of Vancouver's economy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} Oregon has stricter development laws to protect the timber industry;{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} therefore, Vancouver tends to attract a higher proportion of the region's sprawling development. The voting base also led to rejection of extension of Portland's light-rail system into the city for several years.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}} In 2013, Washington transitioned away from being a [[Alcoholic beverage control state|control state]].

The economic history of Vancouver reflects the region. Moving from a salmon- and trade-based indigenous economy by the [[Chinookan|Chinook]] people, the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] pioneered extractive industries such as the [[fur trade]] and timber. Subsistence agricultural gave way to market and export crops such as apples, strawberries and prunes. Largely bypassed by the railroad in the 1880s, when the Oregon Steam Navigation company would ferry trains across the river downstream from [[St. Helens, Oregon]] to [[Kalama, Washington]], early downtown development was focused around Washington Street (where ferries arrived), lumber and Vancouver Barracks activities such as a large spruce mill for manufacturing airplanes. A 1908 railroad [[swing bridge]] across the Columbia allowed greater industrial developments such as the Standifer Shipyard during the first world war. With the Interstate Bridge and [[Bonneville Dam]] Vancouver saw an industrial boom in the 1940s, including the [[Kaiser Shipyards|Kaiser shipyard]] and [[Alcoa]], as well as a [[Boise Cascade]] paper mill, just west of the Interstate Bridge.<ref name="jollata" />

As the [[old-growth forest]]s were depleted and heavy industry left the United States, Vancouver's economy has largely changed to high tech and service industry jobs, with many residents commuting to Portland. Vancouver contains the corporate headquarters for [[Nautilus, Inc.]], [[ZoomInfo]], [[Papa Murphy's Pizza]] and The Holland (parent company of the [[Burgerville, USA]] restaurant chain).<ref name="vbjbol2007" />

[[File:Aerial view of Vancouver, WA.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of the city]]
The [[Port of Vancouver USA]] operates a port on the Columbia River, which separates [[Oregon]] to the south and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] to the north. It handles over 400 ocean-going vessels annually, as well as a number of barges which ply the river and its tributaries as far as [[Lewiston, Idaho]].

The Vancouver Energy project was a proposed crude oil transport hub in the [[Port of Vancouver USA]].  It was estimated to produce the equivalent of $1.6&nbsp;billion in employment income during the terminal's construction and for its first 15 years of operation.<ref name="nlr_20140901_vancouverenergystudy" /> Vancouver Energy ended its bid to build the hub in February 2018 following Governor Jay Inslee's rejection of the project.<ref name="st_20180227_vancouverenergyend" />
{{-}}

===Largest employers===
According to the City's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<ref name="cityofvancouver_2012_annualfiscalreport" /> the largest employers in the city are:
[[File:PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center.jpg|thumb|[[PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center]] is the largest employer in Vancouver.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of employees
|-
|1
|[[PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center]]
|4000+ (2019)
|-
|2
|[[Evergreen Public Schools]]
|2,455
|-
|3
|[[Vancouver Public Schools]]
|2,203
|-
|4
|[[Clark County, Washington|County of Clark]]
|1,561
|-
|5
|[[Fred Meyer]]
|1,500
|-
|6
|[[Clark College (Washington)|Clark College]]
|985
|-
|7
|City of Vancouver
|962
|-
|8
|The Vancouver Clinic
|912
|-
|9
|[[BNSF Railway]]
|800
|-
|10
|[[Kaiser Permanente]]
|724
|}

===Downtown revitalization===
In 1997, the city of Vancouver decided to dedicate the next 15–20 years to redeveloping and revitalizing the downtown core, west of I-5 and south of Evergreen Boulevard. The first projects started in the early 2000s with the construction of many tall [[condominium]] structures around [[Esther Short Park]]. The most lauded outside investment was the construction of a [[Hilton Hotels|Hilton]] hotel directly across from the park.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
The Downtown redevelopment of Vancouver continued after a slowdown during the 2009–2012 recession. Numerous projects began to rise up around the city core and as of mid-2020 more than three dozen projects with mid-rise or high-rise structures were completed, under construction, or proposed.<ref>https://www.cityofvancouver.us/projects</ref><ref>https://urbanlivinginthecouv.home.blog/urban-pipeline/</ref>

[[File:Side view of Grant St Pier from NW - Vancouver, Washington (2020).jpg|thumb|left|Grant Street Pier, on the Vancouver Waterfront]]
In 2016 the first ground was broken<ref>{{cite news|last=Baer|first=April|title=New Waterfront Development In Vancouver Breaks Ground|date=July 17, 2016|publisher=[[OPB]]|url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/vancouver-washington-waterfront-development/|accessdate=2020-10-11}}</ref> for the ambitious $1.5&nbsp;billion, 21-block redevelopment of Vancouver's waterfront at the former site of Boise Cascade Paper Mill. The site had been inaccessible to the public for more than 100 years.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} The project was planned for 3,300 residential units, and roughly 1 million square feet of office and retail space.<ref>https://gramor.com/lease-property/waterfront-vancouver/</ref> Around 15,000 people were in attendance for the official grand opening, in 2018, of the project and associated public space including Grant Street Pier, a cable-stayed viewing deck that extends out over the Columbia River.<ref>{{cite news|last=Macuk|first=Anthony|title=Waterfront Vancouver celebrates first anniversary of grand opening|date=September 29, 2019|newspaper=[[The Columbian]]|url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2019/sep/29/waterfront-vancouver-celebrates-first-anniversary-of-grand-opening/|accessdate=2020-10-11}}</ref><ref>https://www.cityofvancouver.us/parksrec/page/vancouver-waterfront-park</ref>

The Redevelopment of Terminal One master plan was approved by the city council in 2017.<ref>https://www.portvanusa.com/news-releases/vancouver-city-council-approves-terminal-1-master-plan/</ref> This $500 million project will include multiple phases over several years including a seven-story AC Marriott hotel that began site preparation and construction in late 2019.<ref>https://www.columbian.com/news/2019/aug/22/ac-hotel-breaks-ground-at-port-of-vancouvers-terminal-1/</ref> Future plans in the master plan called for a [[mixed-use development|mixed-use]] complex of mid-rise buildings on four blocks and a complete rebuild of the original 100-year Terminal One dock and pier. A public open-air market is also planned. 

[[File:Clark County Historical Museum - Vancouver Washington.jpg|thumb|The Clark County Historical Museum]]
''[[The Columbian]]'' newspaper finished building a new seven-story building adjacent to the Hilton in 2008. Early in 2010, ''The Columbian'' filed for [[Chapter 11]] bankruptcy and the building defaulted to [[Bank of America]]. In June 2010, the City of Vancouver agreed to purchase the former downtown Columbian office building for use as a new city hall. The city bought the two-year-old building and {{convert|5.14|acre|m2}} for $18.5&nbsp;million, a fraction of the $41.5&nbsp;million sale price the owners of The Columbian office building had been asking prior to filing for bankruptcy. In 2011, the city consolidated five separate buildings housing 300 employees into one at the new City Hall, located at 415 W. 6th St. The move is saving the city approximately $1&nbsp;million a year in facility lease and maintenance costs.<ref name="brettman" />

The Fort Vancouver Regional Library District opened a new library on C Street at Evergreen Boulevard in 2011. Future plans on C Street include a new [[Marriott International|Marriott]] hotel and roughly 250 new condominiums. Other planned projects in the downtown area include:
* Library Square, a mixed-use project which includes a condominiums building, hotel/condominiums building, office building, and a new main library.
* The Luxe, a six-story office and condominium building.
* Waterfront Redevelopment, which includes 10K Residents Envision, retail, offices, and parks.
* Prestige Plaza, a six-story building which includes condominiums and offices.

==Education==
{{see also|Fort Vancouver Regional Library District}}
[[File:ClarkCollegeChimeTower.jpg|thumb|[[Clark College]] chime tower, with the Cannell library in the background]]
[[File:Skyview HS Main Entrance.JPG|thumb|[[Skyview High School (Vancouver, Washington)|Skyview High School]]]]
[[File:WSU Vancouver.jpg|thumb|[[Washington State University Vancouver]] in January 2014]]

===Public schools===
Vancouver has two school districts: [[Vancouver Public Schools]] and [[Evergreen School District]].

The Vancouver Public Schools cover most of west Vancouver and has seven high schools: [[Hudson's Bay High School]], [[Columbia River High School]], [[Fort Vancouver High School]], Lewis and Clark High School, [[Skyview High School (Vancouver, Washington)|Skyview High School]], [[Vancouver School of Arts and Academics]], and [[Vancouver iTech Preparatory]] (grades 6–12). It also has six middle schools: [[Alki Middle School]], Discovery Middle School, Gaiser Middle School, [[Jason Lee Middle School (Vancouver)|Jason Lee Middle School]], [[Thomas Jefferson Middle School (Vancouver, Washington)|Thomas Jefferson Middle School]], and McLoughlin Middle School.

Vancouver Public Schools' elementary schools include [[Sarah J. Anderson Elementary School|Sarah J. Anderson]], Chinook, Eisenhower, Felida, Ben Franklin, Fruit Valley Community Learning Center, Harney, Hazel Dell, Hough, Martin Luther King, Lake Shore, Lincoln, Marshall, Minnehaha, Peter S. Ogden, Eleanor Roosevelt, Sacajawea, Salmon Creek, Truman, Walnut Grove, and Washington.

The Evergreen School District covers most of east Vancouver and has seven high schools: [[Evergreen High School (Vancouver, Washington)|Evergreen High School]], [[Mountain View High School (Washington)|Mountain View High School]], Henrietta Lacks Health and Bioscience High School, Heritage High School, [[Union High School (Camas, Washington)|Union High School]], Legacy High School, and Cascadia Technical Academy (formerly Clark County Vocational Skills Center).<ref name="esd112_20170113_vocationschoolrename" />

The district has six middle schools: Cascade, Covington, Frontier, Pacific, Shahala, and Wy'East.

Evergreen School District's 21 elementary schools are: Burton, Burnt Bridge Creek, Columbia Valley, Crestline, Ellsworth, Endeavour, Fircrest, Fisher's Landing, Harmony, Hearthwood, Illahee, Image, Marrion, Mill Plain, Orchards, Pioneer, Riverview, Sifton, Silver Star, Sunset, and York.

Vancouver is also home to the [[Washington School for the Deaf]] and [[Washington School for the Blind]], and (through Evergreen School District) Home Choice Academy, for home-schoolers.

===Colleges and universities===
* [[Clark College (Washington)|Clark College]] (two-year)
* [[Gateway Seminary]]
* [[Washington State University, Vancouver]]

==Architecture and notable buildings==
{{see also|National Register of Historic Places listings in Clark County, Washington}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Evergreen Hotel - Vancouver Washington.jpg|Evergreen Hotel
File:West 5th and Columbia Street, Looking East.jpg|Smith Tower
File:Elks Building in Vancouver, WA.JPG|Elks Building
File:Heritage Building, Vancouver, WA (2013) - 5.JPG|Heritage Building
File:House of Providence in Vancouver, WA (2).JPG|House of Providence
File:U.s. nat. bank bldg 1912 - Copy.jpg|U.S. National Bank Building
</gallery>

[[Mother Joseph]] was one of the first architects in the region, and because of its relatively long history, Vancouver contains a variety of buildings.{{citation needed|reason=Need citation supporting Mother Joseph as architect.|date=November 2019}} Homes vary from [[Victorian architecture|Victorians]] and craftsman bungalows downtown, to small wartime [[tract housing]] and [[ranch-style house|ranch-styles]] mid-town, with rural styles and larger homes in the outer ring. In addition to the reconstructed [[Fort Vancouver]] at the [[Fort Vancouver National Historic Site]], the city was named one of the [[National Register of Historic Places]]' "Dozen Distinctive Destinations" for 2003.<ref name="swwa_2006ish_quickfacts" />

Other notable buildings in Vancouver include:
* The [[Covington House (Vancouver, Washington)|Covington House]] at 4201 Main Street, a [[log cabin]] and boarding school built 1846–1848
* [[Officers Row]], including the Grant House (first house on the Columbia Barracks) and the [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne]]-style 1866 Marshall House
* [[Mother Joseph]]'s Providence Academy, dedicated in 1873, where Evergreen Boulevard crosses [[Interstate 5 in Washington|Interstate 5]]
* The [[Proto-Cathedral of St. James the Greater]] (formerly St. James Church) saw its first Roman Catholic Mass celebrated August 16, 1885
* The [[List of Carnegie libraries in Washington|Carnegie library]] at Sixteenth and Main, which opened on New Year's Eve 1909, to showcase its unusual electric lights; it is now the site of the [[Clark County Historical Museum]]
* The 1914 [[Chicago school (architecture)|Chicago-style]] U.S. National Bank (now the Heritage Building) at sixth and Main
* The 1916 [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Post Office]] at 1211 Daniels Street
* The [[Vertical lift bridge|vertical-lift]] [[Interstate Bridge]], which opened on February 14, 1917, [[Oregon]]'s 58th anniversary
* The 1935 [[art deco]] telephone exchange building at Eleventh and Washington
* The 1941 Clark County Courthouse, designed by prolific local architect Day Hillborn
* Smith Tower, a round downtown apartment building for the elderly, built in 1965
* The Hilton Hotel and Vancouver Convention Center across from [[Esther Short Park]]

Many of these buildings have been re-purposed. The 1867 Slocum House, an [[Italianate]] villa-style residence originally built one block south of its current location in [[Esther Short Park]], was moved to its present location in 1966 and now houses a winery and art gallery.<ref name="efs_deadlink" /> The Carnegie Library was expanded in the 1940s, becoming the [[Clark County Historical Museum]] after a new library was built in 1963. Other buildings have been torn down for urban renewal or renovated to house professional offices for lawyers and accountants.

==Art and culture==
[[File:Kiggins Theatre-9.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kiggins Theatre]] was designed by architect [[Day Walter Hilborn]].]]
In the early 2000s, Vancouver began seeing a revitalization of local art scene and cultural events. In 2010 there was a movement among local artists to form cooperatives and meet with established local gallery owners for a monthly forum known as "Art Conversations." Many of Vancouver's art galleries are located in downtown Vancouver, and in 2014, the City Council formally designated an "Arts District" in the downtown core.<ref name="cityofvancouver_20140418_citycouncilartdistrict" />

The [[Kiggins Theatre]] located within the Downtown Vancouver Art District, was built in 1936 by architect Day Hillborn. It was named for J.P. Kiggins, an entrepreneur and politician who cut a swath through town in the early 20th century, serving as Vancouver's mayor for 15 non-consecutive years between 1908 and 1935. It was renovated and reopened in 2011 as an independent film and community event venue.

The Vancouver Symphony Orchestra first formed in the late 1970s. Conducted and directed by Dr. Salvadore Brotons, the Symphony regularly performs concerts.<ref name="vso_2019ish_history" />

==Annual events==
Every June since 2006, the Recycled Arts Festival held in Esther Short Park has featured the work of dozens of artists whose creations are made from at least 75% reused or recycled materials, along with live music and food.<ref name="columbian_20180622_recyclingart" />

Since the mid-1960s, Vancouver hosted a [[Fourth of July]] [[fireworks]] display on the grounds of [[Fort Vancouver National Historic Site]] that draws many people to the city. The display routinely ran to 45 minutes, attracted up to 60,000 visitors and was broadcast on area television, one of the largest west of the Mississippi River. Due to the death of key organizer "Mister Fireworks" Jim Larson and a [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010|poor economy]], the show was not held in 2009.<ref name="mrfireworks" /> A shorter, redesigned show debuted in 2010 and brought in approximately 35,000 people.<ref name="2010fireworks" /> As of 2019, The Historic Trust (formerly the "Fort Vancouver National Trust"<ref name="historictrust_2019ish_rebrand" />) continues to organize the fireworks event.<ref name="historictrust_2019_2020fireworks" />

4 Days of Aloha, also known as the Hawaiian Festival, takes place in late July in Esther Short Park, Clark College, and Fort Vancouver. Started in 2012 by "Aunty" Deva Yamashiro, a hula dancer and self-appointed cultural ambassador for Hawaii, the festival features live music, dance performances, craft workshops, and a celebration of Hawaiian food, arts, and culture.<ref name="columbian_20190726_hawaiianfestival" />

Late August features the [[Vancouver Wine and Jazz Festival]] in Esther Short Park, which brought 13,500 attendees in 2012 and which is considered the largest jazz festival in the [[Pacific Northwest]].<ref name="clarkcountylive_20110725_winejazzfest" /><ref name="columbian_20120827_winejazzfest" />

==Local media==
Vancouver is located within the Portland media market for print, radio, and television media. It does, however, serve as the hometown for some media, including:
* ''[[The Columbian]]''
* ''[[The Oregonian]]'' (based in Portland, Oregon; also covers some southwest Washington news)
* ''[[The Vancouver Voice]]'' was, at one time, southwest Washington's only alternative periodical, published from 2006 to 2011.

==Transportation==
{{see also|Port of Vancouver USA}}
[[File:C-Tran Gillig low-floor hybrid bus on Washington St in downtown (2017).jpg|thumb|Vancouver's [[public transit]] service is provided by [[C-Tran (Washington)|C-Tran]].]]

Vancouver has two interstate freeways, [[Interstate 5 in Washington|I-5]] and [[Interstate 205 (Oregon-Washington)|I-205]], both of which run north–south, across the [[Columbia River]] into Portland and toward [[Seattle]]. It also has two heavily travelled [[state highway]]s within the city limits. [[Washington State Route 14|SR 14]] begins at I-5 in downtown Vancouver and makes its way east. It is a freeway all the way until [[Camas, Washington|Camas]]. [[Washington State Route 500|SR 500]] begins from I-5 at 39th Street in north Vancouver, travels east connecting with I-205, and continues east into the suburb of Orchards where the freeway terminates at Fourth Plain Boulevard, and meets with the south end of north–south-oriented 117th Ave., [[Washington State Route 503|SR 503]]. A third state highway, [[Washington State Route 501|SR 501]], starts at I-5 and heads west through downtown and continues along a path that runs between the Columbia River and Vancouver Lake.  Route 501 – SR501 dead ends a few miles north of Vancouver.

The area's mass transit system is [[C-Tran (Washington)|C-Tran]], the Clark County Public Transportation Benefit Area Authority, which operates 135 buses, vanpools, and paratransit vehicles. There are also a number of express routes into Portland's downtown.

In 1995, Clark County voters defeated a ballot measure that would have funded extension of Portland's [[MAX Light Rail]] system north into Vancouver.{{r|oregonian_19950208_lightrailrejected}} Opposition to paying for light rail was strong at that time, but slowly declined over the following several years, eventually leading Vancouver officials to begin discussing the idea again.{{r|oregonian_20010326_lightrail|secondlook}} Meanwhile, [[TriMet]] reconstituted its planned MAX line to Vancouver as a shorter line running only within Portland, which could potentially be extended across the river and into Clark County at a later date. This extension of the MAX system opened in 2004 as the [[MAX Yellow Line|Yellow Line]],{{r|makingtracks}} running as far north as the [[Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center|Portland Expo Center]], approximately {{convert|1|mi|km|0}} south of downtown Vancouver. Vancouver voters have rejected light rail operations monies in connection with the [[Columbia River Crossing]] proposal.{{r|columbian_20121106_lightrailrejected}}

Vancouver has always been well served by rail; current freight railroads operating in Vancouver include the [[BNSF Railway|BNSF]], [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]], and the local shortline [[Lewis and Clark Railway]].  [[Amtrak]], the national passenger rail system, provides service to [[Vancouver station (Washington)|Vancouver Station]]. The long-distance [[Coast Starlight]] and [[Empire Builder]] serve the city, as well as the regional [[Amtrak Cascades|Amtrak ''Cascades'']].

[[Pearson Field]], located near downtown Vancouver, is the main airport serving the city. The airport is intended primarily for general aviation without any commercial air service. The nearest commercial airport is [[Portland International Airport]] (PDX).

In 2008, Vancouver passed a citywide law requiring anyone on a wheeled device such as a bicycle, skateboard, scooter or skates to wear a helmet while on any sidewalk, street, trail or other public property. Many local cyclists opposed the law as a misuse of city funds and police efforts, as well as encroachment on personal freedoms. Despite opposition from the public, the Vancouver City Council passed the measure 5–1 with then Mayor Royce Pollard saying, "...statistics be damned. I support this."{{r|bikeportland_20080225_helmetlaw|columbian_20080226_helmetlaw}}

==Sister cities==
Vancouver has one [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister city:]]<ref name="waltgov_2006ish_sistercities" />

* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Joyo, Kyoto|Joyo]], [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]], [[Kansai region|Kansai]], Japan

Vancouver previously had a sister-city relationship with [[Arequipa]], [[Peru]], between 1961 and 1993, but that relationship ended.<ref name="Rice" />

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Vancouver, Washington}}

==See also==
* [[List of mayors of Vancouver, Washington]]

==References==
{{reflist|1=30em|refs=
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<ref name="Aberdeen Herald">{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093220/1909-10-07/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1789&index=1&rows=20&words=Portland+suburb+Vancouv&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1924&proxtext=Vancouver+suburb+portland&y=2&x=20&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |work=[[Aberdeen Herald]]|access-date = January 7, 2017 |title=Republican Paper of Tacoma Bolts Nomination of "The Gentleman from Oregon," and Gives Reasons That Will Appeal to Republican Voters of Grays Harbor.}}</ref>

<ref name="The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIduAAAAMAAJ&q=vancouver+suburb+of+portland&pg=PA146 |publisher=Fb &C Limited|access-date = January 7, 2017 |title=The Oregonian's Handbook of the Pacific Northwest (page 146) |year=1894}}</ref>

<ref name="2010 Census (City)">{{cite web |title=2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |work=American FactFinder |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date = September 16, 2012 }}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

<ref name="HOV-Natives">{{cite web |title=History of Vancouver – Early Northwest Native People |publisher=City of Vancouver |url=http://www.cityofvancouver.us/cmo/page/early-northwest-native-people | access-date = July 12, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date = December 19, 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/64vfLAeJ2?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date = January 24, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="2018 Pop Estimate">{{cite web |title=Population Estimates |url=https://census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/popest/total-cities-and-towns.html |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date = June 5, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date = December 19, 2012}}</ref>

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<ref name="jollata">{{cite book |last=Jollata |first=Pat |title=Images of America: Downtown Vancouver |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=0-7385-2959-1}}</ref>
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<ref name="brettman">{{cite news |title=City of Vancouver agrees to buy Columbian office building for $18.5&nbsp;million |author=Allan Brettman |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2010/06/city_of_vancouver_agrees_to_bu.html |newspaper=The Oregonian |date=June 3, 2010 |access-date = April 20, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="mrfireworks">{{cite news |last=Mize |first=Jeffrey |title=Many mourn loss of Vancouver's Mr. Fireworks |work=[[The Columbian]] |date=March 18, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="2010fireworks">{{cite news |last=Damewood |first=Andrea |title=Fourth at the Fort recovers costs, generates warm feelings |work=[[The Columbian]] |date=July 27, 2010 |url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2010/jul/27/fourth-at-the-fort-recovers-costs-generates-warm-f/|access-date = July 28, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="secondlook">{{cite news |last=Hamilton |first=Don |title=Cities take a second look at light rail/Anti-MAX cities reconsider views |work=[[Portland Tribune]] |date=April 18, 2002 |url=http://portlandtribune.com/pt/9-news/117353-cities-take-a-second-look-at-light-rail-anti-max-cities-reconsider-views|access-date = August 10, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="makingtracks">{{cite news |title=Making tracks to the MAX |first=Don |last=Hamilton |work=[[Portland Tribune]] |date=April 30, 2004 |url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=23819 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331125643/http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=23819|archive-date = March 31, 2012|access-date = December 31, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Rice">{{cite news |last=Rice |first=Stephanie |title=City has one sister, not sure it can handle another |url=http://blogs.columbian.com/all-politics-is-local/2013/05/17/to-dubrovnik-with-reservation/ |newspaper=The Columbian |date=May 17, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="cityofvancouver_2010_charter">{{cite web |url=http://cityofvancouver.us/charter.asp?menuid=10462&submenuid=10479&itemID=11398|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121131226/http://cityofvancouver.us/charter.asp?menuid=10462&submenuid=10479&itemID=11398|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 21, 2010 |title=Article I – Government – City Charter – City Government – City of Vancouver, Washington, USA |date=November 21, 2010}}</ref>

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<ref name="columbian_20180511_tourismrevenue">{{cite news |url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2018/may/11/visit-vancouver-tourism-up-waterfront-will-draw/ |title=Visit Vancouver: Tourism up, waterfront will draw |accessdate=May 29, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Columbian]]}}</ref>

<ref name="businesswire_20180206_">{{cite web |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180206006273/en/Gramor-Development-Signs-Major-Office-Tenant-Chicago |title=Gramor Development, Inc. Signs Major Office Tenant with Chicago Title & Fidelity National Title: Longtime Vancouver business secures 10,000+ square feet lease on second floor of Block 6 East at The Waterfront |accessdate=May 29, 2018 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ajot_20180502_vancouverusa">{{cite web |url=https://www.ajot.com/news/m-v-interlink-amenity-calls-the-port-of-vancouver-usa-on-her-maiden-voyage |title=M/V Interlink Amenity calls the Port of Vancouver USA on her maiden voyage |accessdate=May 29, 2018 |publisher=American Journal of Transportation}}</ref>

<ref name="bloomberg_20120529_fisherstatetax">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-03-29/fisher-lured-to-washington-woods-offering-tax-haven#p1 |title=Fisher Lured to Washington Woods Offering Tax Haven |last=Robison |first=Peter |date=March 29, 2012 |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |accessdate=March 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625233751/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-03-29/fisher-lured-to-washington-woods-offering-tax-haven|archive-date=June 25, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="vanvoice_20090601_lincolnsbeardvantuckey">{{cite web |archivedate=June 1, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601093700/http://www.vanvoice.com/article/19677-vantucky-meets-tin-pan-alley |title=Vantucky meets Tin Pan Alley |publisher=vanvoice.com |date=June 1, 2009 |accessdate=May 10, 2012 |url=http://www.vanvoice.com/article/19677-vantucky-meets-tin-pan-alley}}</ref>

<ref name="vanvoice_2012_deadlink1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302024853/http://vanvoice.com/article?articleTitle=you%2Bknow%2Byour%2Bfrom%2Bvantucky%2Bif...--1287789309--453-- ]</ref>

<ref name="oregonian_20110517_cafevantuckyshirt">{{cite news |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/clark-county/index.ssf/2011/05/cafe_offers_vantucky_strikes_back_t-shirts_humor_along_with_coffee.html |title=Cafe offers 'Vantucky Strikes Back' T-shirts, humor along with coffee |date=May 17, 2011 |work=[[The Oregonian]] |accessdate=June 5, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="clarkcountyblog_20110516_cafevantuckyshirt">{{cite news |url=http://clarkcountyblog.com/vancouver-coffee-shop-strikes-back-and-abides-withlatest-couve-tshirt-promotion/ |title=Vancouver coffee shop Strikes Back and Abides with latest Couve T-shirt promotion |date=May 16, 2011 |work=The Oregonian News Network |accessdate=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522090127/http://clarkcountyblog.com/vancouver-coffee-shop-strikes-back-and-abides-withlatest-couve-tshirt-promotion/|archive-date=May 22, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="stumped_20110529_portlandneighborcities">{{cite web |url=http://www.stumpedinstumptown.com/2011/03/portlands-wacky-and-wonderful-neighboring-cities/ |title=Portland's wacky and wonderful neighboring cities. |date=March 29, 2011 |work=Stumped in Stumptown |accessdate=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325002333/http://www.stumpedinstumptown.com/2011/03/portlands-wacky-and-wonderful-neighboring-cities/|archive-date=March 25, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="columbian_20110605_vantuckyderogatory">{{cite news |url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2011/jun/05/maneuver-by-council-makes-county-look-like-podunkv/ |title=Maneuver by council makes county look like Podunkville (commentary) |last=Jayne |first=Greg |date=June 5, 2011 |work=[[The Columbian]] |accessdate=June 5, 2011 |quote=Because part of the impact of bringing professional baseball to town would be in helping Vancouver to shed its image as Podunkville. As Vantucky. As a sleepy little burg that is a suburb of Portland.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702162158/http://www.columbian.com/news/2011/jun/05/maneuver-by-council-makes-county-look-like-podunkv/|archive-date=July 2, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="wweek_20070321_welcometothecouve">{{cite web |url=http://wweek.com/editorial/3319/8709/ |title=Welcome To The 'Couv |publisher=Wweek.com |date=March 21, 2007 |accessdate=May 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115021107/http://wweek.com/editorial/3319/8709/ |archive-date=January 15, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="smithrgess_2001_chronology">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Roxann Gess |url=http://gesswhoto.com/ns-chronology.html |title=– Native Sons 1900 |publisher=Gesswhoto.com |accessdate=May 10, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="oregonnativeson_1901_nativename">{{cite journal |author=Native Sons of Oregon |year=1901 |title=The Oregon Native Son |url=https://archive.org/details/oregonnativeson02nati/page/n655 |journal=Oregon Native Son and Historical Magazine |publisher=Native Son Publishing Company |volume=2 |pages=324 |oclc=7748147 |access-date=November 6, 2019 |quote=Called by the Chinooks Skit-so-to-ho, and Ala-si-kas by the Klikitats. Its meaning is "place of mud-turtles."}}</ref>

<ref name="dahp_20140330_vancouversurveyor">{{cite web |url=https://dahp.wa.gov/sites/default/files/glosurveyorsnotes_0.pdf |title=GLO Surveyor Personal Notes |publisher=Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation |author=Olson, Jerry |date=March 30, 2014 |accessdate=August 29, 2019}}</ref>

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<ref name="columbian_2006ish_capitoldispute">{{cite news |title=Single Vote Robbed Vancouver of State Capitol |newspaper=The Columbian |url=http://www.columbian.com/history/Vancouver/vancouvercapitol.cfm |accessdate=November 18, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174307/http://www.columbian.com/history/Vancouver/vancouvercapitol.cfm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=September 27, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="historylink_20030115_capitoldispute">{{cite web |last=Oldham |first=Kit |date=January 15, 2003 |title=Governor Isaac Stevens selects Olympia as capital of Washington Territory on November 28, 1853. |publisher=HistoryLink.org |url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5054 |accessdate=November 18, 2007 |number=5054}}</ref>

<ref name="wasenate_2005_honorolympia">{{cite web |title=Senate Resolution 8636 |publisher=Washington State Legislature |year=2005 |url=http://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2005-06/Pdf/Bills/Senate%20Resolutions/8636-City%20of%20Olympia.pdf | access-date=November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221024830/http://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2005-06/Pdf/Bills/Senate%20Resolutions/8636-City%20of%20Olympia.pdf|archive-date=February 21, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="cityofvancouver_2007ish_150thanniversary">{{cite web |title=About Vancouver's 150th Anniversary |publisher=City of Vancouver |url=http://www.cityofvancouver.us/150th.asp? |accessdate=November 18, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234859/http://www.cityofvancouver.us/150th.asp | archive-date = September 27, 2007 | url-status = dead}}</ref>

<ref name="cityofvancouver_2006ish_annexationhistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofvancouver.us/annexation.asp?menuid=10463&submenuid=16654&itemID=16659|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005225945/http://www.cityofvancouver.us/annexation.asp?menuid=10463&submenuid=16654&itemID=16659|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 5, 2006 |title=Vancouver's annexation history – Annexation – Building, Planning & Environment – City of Vancouver, Washington, USA |date=October 5, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="komotv_20051223_annexation">{{cite web |url=http://www.komotv.com/stories/40936.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226111733/http://www.komotv.com/stories/40936.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 26, 2005 |title=Annexation Would Make Vancouver State's Second Largest City |publisher=komotv.com |date=December 23, 2005 |accessdate=May 10, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="swwrtc_2019_columbiariverbridgestats">{{cite web |title=Columbia River Bridges |publisher=Southwest Washington Regional Transportation Council |url=https://www.rtc.wa.gov/data/traffic/bridges/daily.asp | access-date = November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207181904/https://www.rtc.wa.gov/data/traffic/bridges/daily.asp|archive-date=February 7, 2019}}</ref>

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<ref name="taxfoundation_taxsumwa">{{cite web |url=http://taxfoundation.org/state-tax-climate/washington |title=Tax Policy Washington |publisher=The Tax Foundation |accessdate=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914100020/https://taxfoundation.org/state/washington/|archive-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="taxfoundation_taxsumor">{{cite web |url=http://taxfoundation.org/state-tax-climate/oregon |title=Tax Policy Oregon |publisher=The Tax Foundation |accessdate=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106222936/http://taxfoundation.org/state-tax-climate/oregon|archive-date=January 6, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="pew_20120418_portlandwashtax">{{cite web |last=Goodman |first=Josh |url=https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2012/04/18/how-two-state-tax-systems-have-and-havent-shaped-metro-portland |title=How Two State Tax Systems Have (and Haven't) Shaped Metro Portland |publisher=The Pew Charitable Trusts |date=April 18, 2012 |access-date=August 1, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="nlr_20140901_vancouverenergystudy">{{cite journal |last1=Strombom, Phd. |first1=Bruce |last2=Schatzki, Phd. |first2=Todd |title=Vancouver Energy Project to Generate $2 Billion in Economic Value |journal=The National Law Review |date=September 1, 2014 |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/vancouver-energy-project-to-generate-2-billion-economic-value |accessdate=September 15, 2014 |publisher=ANALYSIS GROUP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011120805/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/vancouver-energy-project-to-generate-2-billion-economic-value|archive-date=October 11, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="st_20180227_vancouverenergyend">{{cite web |last=Bernton |first=Hal |url=https://www.portvanusa.com/news-releases/gov-inslee-rejects-vancouver-energy-project-application/ |title=Vancouver Energy ends bid to build nation's biggest oil-train terminal along Columbia River |date=February 27, 2018|access-date=November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228010313/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/no-oil-train-terminal-on-the-columbia-river-vancouver-energy-gives-up-plan/|archive-date=February 28, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="cityofvancouver_2012_annualfiscalreport">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofvancouver.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/financial_and_management_services/page/1060/cityofvancouver2012cafr.pdf |title=City of Vancouver Comprehensive Annual Financial Report |page=186 |accessdate=September 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053538/http://www.cityofvancouver.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/financial_and_management_services/page/1060/cityofvancouver2012cafr.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="esd112_20170113_vocationschoolrename">{{Cite web |url=http://esd112news.org/2017/01/13/clark-county-skills-center-becomes-cascadia-technical-academy/ |title=Clark County Skills Center becomes Cascadia Technical Academy {{!}} ESD 112 News |website=esd112news.org |access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="swwa_2006ish_quickfacts">{{cite web |title=Quick Facts |publisher=SW Washington Convention and Visitors Bureau |url=http://www.southwestwashington.com/quick_facts.asp |accessdate=November 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060318011447/http://www.southwestwashington.com/quick_facts.asp|archive-date=March 18, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="efs_deadlink">{{cite web |url=http://www.eastforkcellars.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204081825/http://www.eastforkcellars.com/ |archive-date=December 4, 2008 |title=EFC Home |publisher=East Fork Cellars |accessdate=December 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="cityofvancouver_20140418_citycouncilartdistrict">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofvancouver.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/city_council/calendar_event/14776/00_min_-_minutes-april_28_2014.pdf |title=Vancouver City Council Minutes – April 28, 2014 |website=Cityofvancouver.us |accessdate=December 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070543/http://www.cityofvancouver.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/city_council/calendar_event/14776/00_min_-_minutes-april_28_2014.pdf|archive-date=January 24, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="vso_2019ish_history">{{cite web |url=https://vancouversymphony.org/vso-history/ |title=Building a Legacy of Leaders through Music, Education and Community Partnerships |website=vancouversymphony.org |date=July 18, 2017 |accessdate=November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106103915/https://vancouversymphony.org/vso-history/|archive-date=November 6, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="columbian_20180622_recyclingart">{{cite web |last=Hewitt |first=Scott |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2018/jun/22/rocks-annual-recycled-arts-festival-vancouver/ |title=Recycling rocks at annual Recycled Arts Festival in Vancouver |website=Clark County Recycled Arts Festival |date=June 22, 2018 |accessdate=August 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802202052/https://www.columbian.com/news/2018/jun/22/rocks-annual-recycled-arts-festival-vancouver/|archive-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="historictrust_2019ish_rebrand">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehistorictrust.org/about-us/ |title=About the Historic Trust |website=The Historic Trust|access-date=November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106105310/https://www.thehistorictrust.org/about-us/|archive-date=November 6, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="historictrust_2019_2020fireworks">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehistorictrust.org/calendar/vancouvers-fireworks-spectacular-2020-07-04/ |title=Vancouver's Fireworks Spectacular 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106105543/https://www.thehistorictrust.org/calendar/vancouvers-fireworks-spectacular-2020-07-04/|archive-date=November 6, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="columbian_20190726_hawaiianfestival">{{cite web |last=Hewitt |first=Scott |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2019/jul/26/spirit-of-aunty-lives-on-at-four-days-of-aloha-in-esther-short-park/ |title=Spirit of 'Aunty' lives on at Four Days of Aloha in Esther Short Park |website=[[The Columbian]] |date=July 26, 2019 |accessdate=August 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802203336/https://www.columbian.com/news/2019/jul/26/spirit-of-aunty-lives-on-at-four-days-of-aloha-in-esther-short-park/|archive-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="clarkcountylive_20110725_winejazzfest">{{cite news |last=Canton |first=Melanie |title=Annual Vancouver Wine and Jazz Festival 2011 |url=http://www.clarkcountylive.com/clark-county/annual-vancouver-wine-and-jazz-festival-2011 |newspaper=Clark County Live |date=July 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110234938/https://clarkcountylive.com/annual-vancouver-wine-and-jazz-festival-2011/|archive-date=January 10, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="columbian_20120827_winejazzfest">{{cite news |url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2012/aug/28/vancouver-wine-and-jazz-festival-draws-about-13500/ |title=Vancouver Wine and Jazz Festival draws about 13,500 attendees |last=Vorenberg |first=Sue |date=August 27, 2012 |newspaper=[[The Columbian]]|access-date=January 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414143341/https://www.columbian.com/news/2012/aug/28/vancouver-wine-and-jazz-festival-draws-about-13500/|archive-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="oregonian_19950208_lightrailrejected">{{cite news |last=Stewart |first=Bill |date=February 8, 1995 |title=Clark County turns down north-south light rail. |newspaper=[[The Oregonian]] |page=A1}}</ref>

<ref name="oregonian_20010326_lightrail">{{cite news |last=Church |first=Foster |date=March 26, 2001 |title=Vancouver mayor revives discussion of light rail. |newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]}}</ref>

<ref name="columbian_20121106_lightrailrejected">{{cite news |last=Florip |first=Eric |url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2012/nov/06/voters-soundly-reject-c-tran-measure-outcome-deliv/ |title=Voters soundly reject C-Tran measure |newspaper=The Columbian |date=November 6, 2012 |access-date=December 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110091404/http://www.columbian.com/news/2012/nov/06/voters-soundly-reject-c-tran-measure-outcome-deliv|archive-date=November 10, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="bikeportland_20080225_helmetlaw">{{cite news |last=Maus |first=Jonathan |title=Updated: Vancouver passes all-ages helmet law |url=http://bikeportland.org/2008/02/25/vancouver-passes-all-ages-helmet-law/ |website=Bikeportland.org |date=February 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110235108/https://bikeportland.org/2008/02/25/vancouver-passes-all-ages-helmet-law-6771|archive-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="columbian_20080226_helmetlaw">{{cite news |last=Mize |first=Jeffrey |title=Vancouver city council enacts helmet law |url=http://www.columbian.com/news/localNews/2008/02/02262008_Vancouver-city-council-enacts-helmet-law.cfm |work=[[The Columbian]] |date=February 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306034854/http://www.columbian.com/news/localNews/2008/02/02262008_Vancouver-city-council-enacts-helmet-law.cfm|archive-date=March 6, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="waltgov_2006ish_sistercities">{{cite web |url=http://www.ltgov.wa.gov/International/Washington%20Organizations/Sisters/ |title=Organizations |publisher=ltgov.wa.gov |accessdate=May 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105144331/http://www.ltgov.wa.gov/International/Washington%20Organizations/Sisters/ |archivedate=November 5, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="riverimages">{{cite web|url=http://columbiariverimages.com/Regions/Places/broughton_1792.html|title=George Vancouver and William Broughton, 1792|publisher=Columbia River Images|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="ourhistory">{{cite web|url=https://www.cityofvancouver.us/ourcity/page/vancouver-and-columbia-river-our-history-text-version-page-1|title=Vancouver and the Columbia River - Our History, page 1|publisher=City of Vancouver Washington|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="origin">{{cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027074981;view=1up;seq=286|title=Origin of Washington geographic names|last=Meany|first=Edmond S.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1923|location=Seattle|page=270}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Vancouver (Washington)|Vancouver, Washington}}
* [http://www.cityofvancouver.us/ City of Vancouver official website], including [[anniversary|sesquicentennial]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234859/http://www.cityofvancouver.us/150th.asp timeline]
* [http://www.access.wa.gov/ Access Washington website]
* [http://www.nps.gov/fova/ Fort Vancouver National Historic Site]
* [http://www.vancouverusa.com/ Vancouver Chamber of Commerce official website]
* [http://www.visitvancouverusa.com/ Vancouver USA Regional Tourism Office]

{{Clark County, Washington}}
{{Portland, Oregon Radio}}
{{Portland TV}}
{{Washington}}
{{Washington cities and mayors of 100,000 population}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vancouver, Washington| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Cities in Clark County, Washington]]
[[Category:County seats in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Washington (state) populated places on the Columbia River]]
[[Category:Portland metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Cities in the Portland metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Ukrainian communities in the United States]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in Washington Territory]]