From 6a11b9ba5b2400da3070c51f7dd8077e0e42ad50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Fri, 24 Mar 2023 02:07:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 01/16] feat(en:Crooked Media):Add wikilinks to Strict Scrutiny --- en.wikipedia.org/Crooked_Media/article.txt | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Crooked_Media/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Crooked_Media/article.txt index 3e95bbc..44d142a 100644 --- a/en.wikipedia.org/Crooked_Media/article.txt +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Crooked_Media/article.txt @@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ Other podcasts that have been produced and distributed by Crooked Media include: *''Offline'', a podcast about how being extremely online is "shaping everything from politics and culture to the ways we live, work, and interact with one another."{{Cite web |title=Offline with Jon Favreau Archives |url=https://crooked.com/podcast-series/offline/ |access-date=March 4, 2022 |website=Crooked Media |language=en}} *''X-Ray Vision'', a pop culture podcast by Emmy award winning Jason Concepcion.{{Cite web |title=X-Ray Vision Archives |url=https://crooked.com/podcast-series/x-ray-vision/ |access-date=March 29, 2022 |website=Crooked Media |language=en}} *''Imani State of Mind'', a mental health podcast hosted by [[Imani J. Walker|Dr. Imani Walker]] and Megan "MegScoop" Thomas.{{Cite web |title=Imani State of Mind Archives |url=https://crooked.com/podcast-series/imani-state-of-mind/ |access-date=October 21, 2022 |website=Crooked Media |language=en}} +*''[[Strict Scrutiny]]'', (acquired in 2022) a law podcast covering the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]], hosted by [[Leah Litman]], [[Melissa Murray (academic)|Melissa Murray]], and [[Kate A. Shaw|Kate Shaw]].{{Cite web|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=January 27, 2022|title=Crooked Media Makes First Podcast Acquisitions: ‘Strict Scrutiny’ and ‘Hot Take’|url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/crooked-media-acquisitions-strict-scrutiny-hot-take-1235165127/|access-date=March 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127213719/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/crooked-media-acquisitions-strict-scrutiny-hot-take-1235165127/|archive-date=January 27, 2022|url-status=live}} == Tours == Crooked Media has produced multiple live tours. The first tour by Crooked Media podcasts was in fall of 2017. The tour featured live versions of ''Pod Save America'' and ''Lovett or Leave it'', and appearances from DeRay Mckesson, Ana Marie Cox, and other guests.{{cite news|last=Young|first=Alex|date=August 16, 2017|title=Pod Save America announces nationwide tour|language=en-US|work=[[Consequence of Sound]]|url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2017/08/pod-save-america-announces-nationwide-tour/|access-date=January 2, 2018}} Crooked Media tours have not just visited locations in the United States, including a 2018 tour with performances in [[Stockholm]], [[Oslo]], [[Amsterdam]], and [[London]].{{cite news|last=Angus|first=Craig|date=December 1, 2017|title=Pod Save America and Lovett or Leave It are coming to London in January, here's how to get tickets|language=en-GB|work=The List|url=https://www.list.co.uk/article/97781-pod-save-america-and-lovett-or-leave-it-are-coming-to-london-in-january-heres-how-to-get-tickets/|access-date=January 2, 2018}} -- 2.30.2 From 261cb01798bbfa103a9d91940a88198dbb762065 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Fri, 24 Mar 2023 02:09:34 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 02/16] feat(en:Strict_Scrutiny):Add article state with edits --- en.wikipedia.org/Strict_Scrutiny/article.txt | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+) create mode 100644 en.wikipedia.org/Strict_Scrutiny/article.txt diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Strict_Scrutiny/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Strict_Scrutiny/article.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be31802 --- /dev/null +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Strict_Scrutiny/article.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +{{distinguish|text=the legal doctrine of [[Strict scrutiny|strict scrutiny]]}} +{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}} +{{Short description|Podcast about the US Supreme Court}} +{{Infobox podcast +| title = Strict Scrutiny +| hosting = [[Leah Litman]]
[[Melissa Murray (academic)|Melissa Murray]]
[[Kate A. Shaw]] +| genre = [[Law]] +| format = Audio +| language = English +| production = Melody Rowell +| num_seasons = 3 +| began = {{start date|2019|07|01}} +| provider = [[Crooked Media]] +| website = {{url|https://strictscrutinypodcast.com/}} +}} + +'''''Strict Scrutiny''''' is a [[podcast]] focusing on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] and its associated legal culture. It is hosted by [[Leah Litman]], [[Melissa Murray (academic)|Melissa Murray]], and [[Kate A. Shaw|Kate Shaw]].{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://strictscrutinypodcast.com/about/ |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=Strict Scrutiny |language=en-US |archive-date=February 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202060352/https://strictscrutinypodcast.com/about/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last=Litman |first=Leah |last2=Murray |first2=Melissa |last3=Shaw |first3=Katherine |date=2021 |title=A Podcast of One's Own |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjgl/vol28/iss1/3/ |journal=Michigan Journal of Gender & Law |language=en |issue=28.1 |pages=51 |doi=10.36641/mjgl.28.1.podcast |access-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604231532/https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjgl/vol28/iss1/3/ |url-status=live }} Litman is an assistant professor of law at the [[University of Michigan Law School]], Murray is a professor of law at [[New York University School of Law]], and Shaw is Professor of Law at the [[Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law]].{{Cite web |title=People |url=https://strictscrutinypodcast.com/people/ |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=Strict Scrutiny |language=en-US |archive-date=February 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202054340/https://strictscrutinypodcast.com/people/ |url-status=live }} The podcast debuted in 2019 and was acquired by [[Crooked Media]] in January 2022.{{Cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=January 27, 2022 |title=Crooked Media Makes First Podcast Acquisitions: 'Strict Scrutiny' and 'Hot Take' (EXCLUSIVE) |language=en-US |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/crooked-media-acquisitions-strict-scrutiny-hot-take-1235165127/ |access-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407073852/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/crooked-media-acquisitions-strict-scrutiny-hot-take-1235165127/ |url-status=live }} In January 2023, it was nominated for an [[Ambies|Ambie Award]] in the category "Best Politics or Opinion Podcast".{{Cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=2023-01-30 |title=Podcast Academy Announces 2023 Ambies Awards Nominees (Full List) |language=en-US |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/podcast-academy-ambies-awards-2023-nomiations-list-1235506357/ |access-date=2023-02-01}} + +The podcast originally [https://lawprofessors.typepad.com/appellate_advocacy/2019/09/strict-scrutiny-a-conversational-approachable-supreme-court-podcast.html also included] appellate lawyer Jaime Santos, who eventually left the show. This "fifth Beatle" is not referenced on the current show, and many are not aware of her earlier [https://strictscrutinypodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/How-To-Train-Your-Killer-Whale.pdf involvement]. + +==References== +{{Reflist}} + +==External links== +*{{Official website|https://strictscrutinypodcast.com/}} + +[[Category:2019 podcast debuts]] +[[Category:Crooked Media]] +[[Category:Law podcasts]] +[[Category:Audio podcasts]] +[[Category:Political podcasts]] +{{podcast-stub}} -- 2.30.2 From b9d178cb87f3bf62c4e861059a8a43249c84d332 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Mon, 27 Mar 2023 01:41:08 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 03/16] feat(en:The Markup):Get article state. --- en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+) create mode 100644 en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb89e14 --- /dev/null +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +{{short description|American nonprofit news organization}} +{{italic title}} +{{Infobox organization/Wikidata |logo=The Markup Logo.svg|type=Media|established=February 2020|purpose=The Markup challenges technology to serve the public good.|ceo=Nabiha Syed|leader_name=Sisi Wei, Editor in Chief}} + +'''''The Markup''''' is an award-winning American [[nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] [[News media|news publication]] focused on the impact of technology on society. Founded in 2018 with the goal of advancing [[data-driven journalism]], the publication launched in February 2020. [[Nabiha Syed]] is the current chief executive and Sisi Wei is the Editor-in-Chief. + +== History == +''The Markup'' was co-founded by two former [[ProPublica]] journalists [[Julia Angwin]] and Jeff Larson, and executive and journalist [[Sue Gardner]].{{Cite web|url=https://themarkup.org/|title=About|website=The Markup|language=en|access-date=April 23, 2019}} The project was announced in April 2018, with an expected launch in early 2019.{{Cite news|url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/04/former-propublica-journalists-are-launching-a-newsroom-to-cover-the-impact-of-technology-on-society/|title=Former ProPublica journalists are launching a newsroom to cover the impact of technology on society|last=Owen|first=Laura Hazard|date=April 12, 2018|work=[[Nieman Foundation for Journalism]]|access-date=September 23, 2018}} In April 2019, Gardner fired Angwin as editor-in-chief. According to Larson and Gardner, the reasons for Angwin's ouster included disagreements over the non-journalistic responsibilities of Angwin's role as an executive, such as the organization falling behind in its hiring plans and the launch timeline.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/the-markup.php|title=Here's what happened inside The Markup|last=Ingram|first=Matthew|author-link=Matthew Ingram|date=2019-04-30|website=Columbia Journalism Review|language=en|access-date=2019-06-09}} On August 6, 2019, The Markup announced that Angwin would return as editor-in-chief, along with [[Nabiha Syed]] as president and much of the original team – but without Larson or Gardner.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/business/media/the-markup-julia-angwin.html|title=The Markup, a Tech News Site, Reinstalls Its Fired Editor as Part of a Fresh Start|website=The New York Times|date=6 August 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07|last1=Tracy|first1=Marc}} Syed was previously [[BuzzFeed]]’s general counsel and vice president. The publication launched in February 2020. + +In 2022, Syed became chief executive and hired Sisi Wei, formerly of OpenNews and [[ProPublica]], as editor-in-chief to replace Angwin. Wei brings a "bigger focus on the human impact of technology."{{Cite web |last=Lab |first=Hanaa' Tameez {{!}} Nieman |title='A bigger focus on the human impact of technology': Sisi Wei is The Markup’s new editor-in-chief |url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/a-bigger-focus-on-the-human-impact-of-technology-sisi-wei-is-the-markups-new-editor-in-chief,236581 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Editor and Publisher |language=en}} + +== Funding == +The Markup received a $20 million gift from [[Craigslist]] founder [[Craig Newmark]]. The Markup also raised $2 million from the [[John S. and James L. Knight Foundation|Knight Foundation]] and an additional $1 million from the [[Ford Foundation]], [[MacArthur Foundation]], and ''The Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Initiative''.{{Cite news |last=Bowles |first=Nellie |author-link=Nellie Bowles |date=September 23, 2018 |title=News Site to Investigate Big Tech, Helped by Craigslist Founder |language=en |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/business/media/the-markup-craig-newmark.html |access-date=September 24, 2018}} + +== Coverage and impact == + +=== 2022 reporting on Meta and tax preparation companies === +In November 2022, an investigation by ''The Markup'' revealed that tax filing companies including [[H&R Block]], [[TaxSlayer]], and [[TaxAct]] have shared users' financial information with [[Facebook]] parent company [[Meta Platforms|Meta]].{{Cite web |last=Fingas |first=Jon |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Tax prep websites have been sending sensitive financial data to Facebook |url=https://www.engadget.com/tax-filing-website-data-meta-pixel-facebook-154500543.html |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |title=Popular tax prep software sent financial information to Meta: report |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/22/popular-tax-prep-software-sent-financial-information-to-meta-report.html |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=CNBC |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Leahey |first=Andrew |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Facebook Leak Just One Reason Taxpayer Data Sharing Must Stop |url=https://news.bloombergtax.com/tax-insights-and-commentary/facebook-leak-just-one-reason-taxpayer-data-sharing-must-stop |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Bloomberg Tax |language=en}} In response, a class action lawsuit was filed by H&R Block customers against Meta, who accused the tech company of violating users' privacy rights.{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=December 3, 2022 |title=Meta faces lawsuit for harvesting financial data from tax prep websites |url=https://www.engadget.com/meta-collecting-sensitive-financial-data-tax-prep-websites-100454171.html |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}} Senator [[Elizabeth Warren]] and representatives [[Katie Porter]] and [[Brad Sherman]] sent letters to the tax companies, as well as Meta and [[Google]], to warn against such behavior.{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2022 |title=Senators Warren, Wyden, Representatives Porter and Sherman Call Out Tax Prep Companies for Sharing of Private Taxpayer Financial Information with Meta, Google {{!}} U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts |url=https://www.warren.senate.gov/oversight/letters/senators-warren-wyden-representatives-porter-and-sherman-call-out-tax-prep-companies-for-sharing-of-private-taxpayer-financial-information-with-meta-google |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Senator Elizabeth Warren (warren.senate.gov) |language=en}} + +== References == +{{reflist}} + +== External links == +* {{url|TheMarkUp.org}} + +{{DEFAULTSORT:Markup, The}} +[[Category:2018 establishments in New York City]] +[[Category:American journalism organizations]] +[[Category:American technology news websites]] +[[Category:Data journalism]] +[[Category:Mass media companies based in New York City]] +[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2018]] +[[Category:Mass media in New York City]] +[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in New York City]] +[[Category:Technology websites]] -- 2.30.2 From 5075c8747d9143f6215b0e0b5f5a182dd49c37e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Mon, 27 Mar 2023 02:36:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 04/16] feat(en:The markup):Update infobox via updates to Wikidata. --- en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt | 7 ++++++- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt index fb89e14..a8d9de8 100644 --- a/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt @@ -1,6 +1,11 @@ {{short description|American nonprofit news organization}} {{italic title}} -{{Infobox organization/Wikidata |logo=The Markup Logo.svg|type=Media|established=February 2020|purpose=The Markup challenges technology to serve the public good.|ceo=Nabiha Syed|leader_name=Sisi Wei, Editor in Chief}} +{{Infobox organization/Wikidata + |fetchwikidata = ALL + |suppressfields = country + |purpose=The Markup challenges technology to serve the public good. + +}} '''''The Markup''''' is an award-winning American [[nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] [[News media|news publication]] focused on the impact of technology on society. Founded in 2018 with the goal of advancing [[data-driven journalism]], the publication launched in February 2020. [[Nabiha Syed]] is the current chief executive and Sisi Wei is the Editor-in-Chief. -- 2.30.2 From 15e9e6d95d2b0f6b66a9f17b8cfaa52e97b7c794 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Mon, 27 Mar 2023 05:14:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 05/16] feat(en:Julia Angwin, The Markup):Update articles --- en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt | 93 +++++++++++++++++++++++ en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt | 23 ++++-- 2 files changed, 111 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) create mode 100644 en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e9f86c --- /dev/null +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +{{short description|American investigative journalist}} +{{Infobox person +| name = Julia Angwin +| image = Julia Angwin Headshot.jpg +| caption = Angwin in 2020 +| birth_name = +| birth_date = +| birth_place = [[Champaign, IL]] +| death_date = +| death_place = +| alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
[[Columbia University]] {{small|(MBA Graduate School of Business)}} +| occupation = Investigative journalist, Co-founder of [[The Markup]] +| awards = Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting +| spouse = +| children = +| website = {{URL|https://www.juliaangwin.com}} +| relatives = +}} + +'''Julia Angwin''' is a Pulitzer Prize-winning{{cite web |title=Julia Angwin in Talks to Return to Tech News Site She Helped Found |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/julia-angwin-in-talks-to-return-to-tech-news-site-she-helped-found-11558736426 |date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} [[United States|American]] investigative journalist, New York Times bestselling author, and entrepreneur. She is co-founder and Editor-at-Large of [[The Markup]], a nonprofit newsroom that investigates the impact of technology on society. She was a senior reporter at ''[[ProPublica]]'' from 2014 to April 2018{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/people/julia-angwin |series=Profiles |title=Julia Angwin|publisher=[[ProPublica]] |date=nd |access-date=September 24, 2018}} and staff reporter at the New York bureau of ''The Wall Street Journal'' from 2000 to 2013. Angwin is author of non-fiction books, ''Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America'' (2009) and ''[[Dragnet Nation]]'' (2014).{{cite book |title=Dragnet Nation: A quest for privacy, security, and freedom in a world of relentless surveillance |first=Julia |last=Angwin |publisher=[[Times Books]] |date=February 25, 2014 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 304] |isbn=978-0805098075 |url=https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 }} She is a winner and two-time finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in journalism.{{cite web |title=The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Explanatory Reporting |publisher=Pulitzer.org |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/julia-angwin-jeff-larson-surya-mattu-lauren-kirchner-and-terry-parris-jr-propublica |date=2017 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} + +== Early life and education == +Julia Angwin was born in Champaign, Illinois, to university professor parents who moved to Silicon Valley in 1974 to work in the emerging personal computer industry. She grew up in Palo Alto, where she learned to code in the 5th grade.{{cite web |url=https://archives.cjr.org/critical_eye/myspace_odyssey.php |title=MySpace Odyssey |author=James Marcus |date=March 18, 2009 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} During summers, she worked at the Hewlett-Packard Demo Center in Cupertino.{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/podcasts/2019/4/26/18517875/julia-angwin-markup-sue-gardner-jeff-larson-craig-newmark-facebook-kara-swisher-decode-podcast |title=What the hell happened at The Markup? Part 1: Former editor-in-chief Julia Angwin on Recode Decode |author=Eric Johnson|date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} Angwin graduated from the University of Chicago in 1992 with a B.A. in mathematics.{{cite web |url=https://billmoyers.com/guest/julia-angwin/ |author=[[Bill Moyers]] |title=Julia Angwin Investigative Journalist |access-date=May 12, 2021}} She was named a Knight-Bagehot Fellow at Columbia Journalism School in 1998.{{cite web |url=https://talkingbiznews.com/we-talk-biz-news/new-knight-bagehot-director-narisetti-talks-about-its-changes/ |author=[[Chris Roush]] |title= New Knight-Bagehot director Narisetti talks about its changes |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} She then completed her MBA at Columbia University with a concentration in accounting in 1999.{{cite web |url=https://www.media.mit.edu/people/jangwin/overview/ |title=Director's Fellow |access-date=May 12, 2021}} + +==Career== +Angwin got her start in journalism as an undergrad at The University of Chicago where she served as editor-in-chief of the college newspaper, the Chicago Maroon from 1991 to 1992.{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagomaroon.com/article/2017/4/11/newsletter-april-11/ |author=Pete Grieve |title=Newsletter for April 11 |date=April 11, 2017 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} Upon graduation she moved to California where she worked briefly as a business writer for The Contra Costa Times.{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/96_99/19441.htm |author= Kim Brockway |title=Columbia University News |date=November 30, 1998 |access-date=June 15, 2021}} She then moved to Washington D.C. to work as a reporter for States News Service covering Congress for regional newspapers.{{cite web |url=https://www.digitalriptide.org/person/julia-angwin/ |author= John Geddes |title=Digital Riptide |date=September 9, 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2021}} + +In 1996 she joined the San Francisco Chronicle as a technology reporter where her coverage of the software industry included several stories of the Justice Department lawsuit against Microsoft.{{cite web |url=https://ahbj.sabew.org/sabew/archive/1975-2009-knight-bagehot-fellows/|author= John Geddes |title=Society of American Business Editors and Writers |date=April 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2021}} She also led an investigation that revealed how few Blacks and Latinos were employed in Silicon Valley companies and that many leading tech firms had been cited by the U.S. Department of Labor for affirmative action violations.{{cite web |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/The-Digital-Divide-High-tech-boom-a-bust-for-3007911.php|author= Laura Castaneda |title=San Francisco Chronicle|date=April 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2021}} + +In 2000, “The Wall Street Journal” hired her as a staff reporter covering business and technology from their New York bureau. During her 13 years at the Journal, Angwin broke stories, led important investigations, and published numerous exposes into the growing tech sector.{{cite web |url=http://billmoyers.com/episode/no-escaping-dragnet-nation/ |author=[[Bill Moyers]] |work=Moyers & Company |title=No Escaping Dragnet Nation |date=March 14, 2014 |access-date=September 24, 2018}} + +A November 23, 2009 article by Angwin and Geoffrey A. Fowler, entitled "Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages" on the "unprecedented numbers of the millions" of Wikipedia editors that were quitting, was featured on the front page.{{cite news |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |first1=Julia |last1=Angwin |first2=Geoffrey A. |last2=Fowler |date=November 23, 2009 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=September 24, 2018 |url=https://cacm.acm.org/news/53027-volunteers-log-off-as-wikipedia-ages/fulltext}} + +From 2010 to 2013, she led an investigative team that published the groundbreaking, including the Wall Street Journal's pioneering "What They Know," series which exposed how privacy was being eroded with most people completely unaware that it was happening.{{cite web |url= https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21597870-maintaining-your-privacy-harder-you-think-watching-watchers |title=Online privacy: Watching the watchers |work=[[The Economist]] |date=March 1, 2014 |access-date=September 24, 2018 }} + +In 2014, Angwin left The Wall Street Journal to join the investigative, nonprofit newsroom [[ProPublica]], as a senior reporter and investigative journalist. In 2016, Angwin was lead author of an article revealing [[Algorithmic bias|machine bias]] against Black people in criminal risk assessment that used [[machine learning]] systems.{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing|title=Machine Bias|date=May 23, 2016|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|first1=Julia |last1=Angwin |first2=Jeff |last2=Larson |first3=Lauren |last3=Kirchner |first4=Surya |last4=Mattu|access-date=September 24, 2018 |quote="There's software used across the country to predict future criminals. And it's biased against blacks."}} + +In a 2016 article entitled "Google Has Quietly Dropped Ban on Personally Identifiable Web Tracking", Angwin revealed that Google had changed its privacy policy allowing Google to merge users' [[personally identifiable information]]. Following publication of her article, Google announced that this precluded advertisement targeting through [[Gmail]] keywords.{{cite web |first = Julia |last = Angwin |title = Google Has Quietly Dropped Ban on Personally Identifiable Web Tracking: Google is the latest tech company to drop the longstanding wall between anonymous online ad tracking and user's names |url = https://www.propublica.org/article/google-has-quietly-dropped-ban-on-personally-identifiable-web-tracking |publisher = [[ProPublica]] |date = October 21, 2016 |access-date=September 24, 2018 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161127094249/https://www.propublica.org/article/google-has-quietly-dropped-ban-on-personally-identifiable-web-tracking |archive-date = November 27, 2016 |df = mdy-all }} + +==The Markup== +{{main|The Markup}} +In April 2018, Angwin and Jeff Larson left ProPublica to found ''The Markup'', described on their website as a "nonpartisan, nonprofit newsroom" that will produce "data-centered journalism" to uncover "societal harms of technology".{{cite web |title=Ethics Policy |publisher=The Markup |url=https://themarkup.org/ethics.html |date=September 23, 2018 |access-date=September 23, 2018}} They were joined by [[Sue Gardner]], as a co-founder, and several ProPublica staff members.{{cite web |url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/09/watch-out-algorithms-julia-angwin-and-jeff-larson-unveil-the-markup-their-plan-for-investigating-techs-societal-impacts/ |title=Watch out, algorithms: Julia Angwin and Jeff Larson unveil The Markup, their plan for investigating tech's societal impacts |quote="Journalists in every field need to have more skills to investigate those types of decision-making that are embedded in technology." |first=Christine |last=Schmidt |date=September 24, 2018 |access-date=September 24, 2018 |work=Nieman Journalism Lab (NiemanLab) [[Nieman Foundation for Journalism]] [[Harvard University]] |location=Cambridge, Mass}}{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/business/media/the-markup-craig-newmark.html |title=News Site to Investigate Big Tech, Helped by Craigslist Founder |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 23, 2018 |access-date=September 23, 2018 |first=Nellie |last=Bowles}} Harvard University-based [[NiemanLab]] described Angwin and Larson as a "journalist-programmer team" at ProPublica who uncovered stories such as "how algorithms are biased". + +In support of The Markup's mission to investigate technology and its effect on society, [[Craig Newmark]] committed $20 million to the publication alongside philanthropic gifts from the [[John S. and James L. Knight Foundation]], the [[Ford Foundation]], the [[John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]], and the Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Initiative, a joint project of the MIT Media Lab and the Harvard Berkman-Klein Center for Internet and Society. + +In April 2019, she was dismissed from the Markup.{{cite web |title=Here's what happened inside The Markup |url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/the-markup.php |website=Columbia Journalism Review |access-date=26 April 2019 |language=en}} Five of the seven editorial staff immediately resigned in support of her, and over 145 journalists and researchers signed a letter of support. In August, she was reinstated in her role as editor-in-chief and The Markup was reformed with the original editorial staff.{{Cite web|url=https://themarkup.org/|title=The Markup|website=The Markup|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}} + +In the following months, Angwin was joined by a new leadership team including public radio veteran, Evelyn Larrubia as managing editor, and free speech lawyer, [[Nabiha Syed]], as president. The Markup began publishing on February 25, 2020 with a staff of 17 reporters, editors and engineers.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/24/business/the-markup-tech-launch.html |title=After Long Wait, The Markup Is Ready to ‘Show Our Work’ |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2021 |first=Marc |last=Tracy}} Since its launch, the site has published numerous investigations examining issues like data privacy, disinformation, and algorithmic bias, and the role that the internet's most powerful platforms play in facilitating those harms. And it has developed and launched sophisticated custom forensic tools in service of investigating issues that would otherwise remain hidden, including Blacklight, a privacy inspector, and Citizen Browser, a project to inspect Facebook's algorithms.{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/9/22/21445646/ad-tracking-online-privacy-cookies-facebook-google-blacklight-markup |title=It’s easier than ever to find out how your favorite websites are tracking you |newspaper=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=September 22, 2020 |access-date=August 10, 2021 |first=Sara |last=Morrison}} + +In 2022, Angwin was replaced by Sisi Wei as Editor-in-Chief. {{Cite web |last=Tameez |first=Hanaaʼ |last=Tameez |title=“A bigger focus on the human impact of technology”: Sisi Wei is The Markup’s new editor-in-chief |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/08/a-bigger-focus-on-the-human-impact-of-technology-sisi-wei-is-the-markups-new-editor-in-chief/ |access-date=March 26, 2023 |website=Nieman Lab |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802214652/https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/08/a-bigger-focus-on-the-human-impact-of-technology-sisi-wei-is-the-markups-new-editor-in-chief/ |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |url-status=live}} + +In February 2023, Angwin left The Markup.{{cite web |last=Angwin |first=Julia |date=February 4, 2023 |title=Journalistic Lessons for the Algorithmic Age |url=https://themarkup.org/hello-world/2023/02/04/journalistic-lessons-for-the-algorithmic-age |work=[[The Markup]] |access-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204130338/https://themarkup.org/hello-world/2023/02/04/journalistic-lessons-for-the-algorithmic-age |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |url-status=live}} + +==Books== +Angwin is the author of ''Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America''{{cite book |pages=[https://archive.org/details/stealingmyspaceb00angw/page/384 384] |publisher=Random House |date=March 17, 2009 |isbn=978-1400066940 |first=Julia |last=Angwin |title=Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America |url=https://archive.org/details/stealingmyspaceb00angw/page/384 }} and ''[[Dragnet Nation]]''. In his ''New York Times'' "Sunday Book Review" of ''Stealing MySpace'', Michael Agger described Angwin's "meticulously" detailed description of [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s purchase of [[MySpace]] in 2005 from [[Intermix Media]] despite competition from [[News Corp (2013–present)|News Corp]] and [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]], as "so granular that it passes through boring into surreal."{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/books/review/Agger-t.html |series=Sunday Book Review |title=Dude, Murdoch Friended Us! |first=Michael |last=Agger |date=April 16, 2009 |access-date=September 24, 2018 |work=The New York Times}} The ''Washington Post''{{'}}s Scott Rosenberg compared ''Stealing MySpace'' to Kara Swisher's ''There Must be a Pony in Here Somewhere: The AOL Time Warner debacle and the quest for the digital future''.{{cite book |title=There Must be a Pony in Here Somewhere: The AOL Time Warner debacle and the quest for the digital future |pages=[https://archive.org/details/theremustbeponyi00swis/page/320 320] |access-date=September 24, 2018 |publisher=Crown Business |first=Kara |last=Swisher |date=October 2003 |isbn=1400049636 |url=https://archive.org/details/theremustbeponyi00swis/page/320 }}{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/13/AR2009031301270.html |work=Washington Post |title=Book Review: 'Stealing MySpace: The Battle To Control the Most Popular Website in America' by Julia Angwin |first=Scott |last=Rosenberg |date=March 15, 2009 |access-date=September 24, 2018}} ''[[The Economist]]'', ''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'',{{cite web |url= https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/julia-angwin/dragnet-nation/ |title=Dragnet Nation by Julia Angwin |work=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |date=February 25, 2014 |access-date=September 24, 2018}} and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' gave ''[[Dragnet Nation]]'' favorable reviews.{{cite news |url= http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-julia-angwin-20140309-story.html |title='Dragnet Nation' looks at the hidden systems that are always looking at you |first=Jacob |last=Silverman |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 6, 2014 |publisher=[[Tribune Co]] |location=[[Los Angeles, CA|Los Angeles]] |issn=0458-3035 |access-date=September 24, 2018}} + +In a 2014 interview with [[Bill Moyers]] about ''Dragnet Nation'', Angwin described reporters as "prime targets for Internet snooping" and "the canary in the coal mine" of internet privacy - the first to feel the "impact of total surveillance". She said that as "watch dogs for democracy", journalists need to protect their sources. In a 2014 interview with [[Kirkus Reviews]]'s [[Neha Sharma]], Angwin said that she had become aware of [[data scraping]] while researching ''Stealing MySpace''. To protect her own digital content, she began using [[Tails (operating system)|Tails]].{{cite web |url= https://www.kirkusreviews.com/features/reclaiming-privacy-age-hyper-sharing/ |title=Reclaiming Privacy in An Age of Hyper-Sharing |first=Neha |last=Sharma |work=Kirkus Reviews |date=February 14, 2014 |access-date=September 24, 2018}} + +==Awards== +{{main|Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting}} + +In 2003 Angwin was one of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''{{'}}s staff reporters whose stories on the history and impact of corporate scandals in the United States, were acknowledged with a [[Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting]]. + +She shared the 2011 [[Gerald Loeb Award]] for Online Enterprise for the story "What They Know".{{Cite web |url=https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/media-relations/2011/loeb-award-winners |title=Loeb Award Winners |date=June 28, 2011 |website=[[UCLA Anderson School of Management]] |access-date=February 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042854/https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/media-relations/2011/loeb-award-winners |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |url-status=dead }} + +In 2017, Angwin was awarded a Scripps Howard award for Digital Innovation alongside four colleagues at ProPublica for their investigative series entitled Machine Bias, which examined how computer-generated algorithms used to predict criminality perpetuate racial biases {{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/atpropublica/propublica-wins-two-scripps-howard-awards |title=ProPublica Wins Two Scripps Howard Awards |author=Cynthia Gordy Giwa |date=March 7, 2017 |access-date=June 7, 2021}} Angwin graduated from the University of Chicago in 1992 with a B.A. in mathematics.{{cite web |url=https://billmoyers.com/guest/julia-angwin/ |author=[[Bill Moyers]] |title=Bill Moyers |access-date=May 12, 2021}} + +In 2018, Angwin and her team's work on her “Automating Hate” series at ProPublica won the Loeb Award for beat reporting. That series uncovered secret guidelines used by Facebook to inconsistently distinguish between hate speech and political expression.{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/atpropublica/propublica-wins-two-gerald-loeb-awards-for-business-journalism |title=ProPublica Wins Two Gerald Loeb Awards for Business Journalism |date=June 26, 2018 |access-date=June 7, 2021}} + +She shared the 2018 Gerald Loeb Award for Beat Reporting for the story "Automating Hate".{{Cite web |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ucla-anderson-school-of-management-announces-2018-gerald-loeb-award-winners-300672056.html |title=UCLA Anderson School of Management Announces 2018 Gerald Loeb Award Winners |date=June 25, 2018 |website=PR Newswire |access-date=January 31, 2019}} + +== Family == +Angwin lives in New York City with her husband and two children.{{cite web |title=Julia Angwin |publisher=MacMillan Publishers|url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/juliaangwin/&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1621984456798000&usg=AOvVaw2TjHRjrVVwxX-RYtE-p4gx|access-date=May 26, 2021}} Her daughter, started a cryptography business as a middle school student called Diceware Passwords, focused on selling secure handwritten passwords.{{cite web |title=Need a Good Password? Here's Help from a Sixth-Grader |publisher=Columbia Climate School |url=https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2015/12/28/need-a-good-password-heres-help-from-a-sixth-grader/ |date=December 28, 2015 |access-date=June 8, 2021}} + +==References== +{{reflist|30em}} + +{{GeraldLoebAward Deadline and Beat Reporting}} +{{GeraldLoebAward News Service, Online, and Blogging}} +{{authority control}} + +{{DEFAULTSORT:Angwin, Julia}} +[[Category:Living people]] +[[Category:American columnists]] +[[Category:Columbia Business School alumni]] +[[Category:American investigative journalists]] +[[Category:21st-century American women writers]] +[[Category:American women columnists]] +[[Category:Gerald Loeb Award winners for Deadline and Beat Reporting]] +[[Category:Gerald Loeb Award winners for News Service, Online, and Blogging]] +[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] +[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]] +[[Category:People from Champaign, Illinois]] diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt index a8d9de8..ab560e7 100644 --- a/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/The_Markup/article.txt @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ {{short description|American nonprofit news organization}} {{italic title}} +{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox organization/Wikidata |fetchwikidata = ALL |suppressfields = country @@ -7,12 +8,24 @@ }} -'''''The Markup''''' is an award-winning American [[nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] [[News media|news publication]] focused on the impact of technology on society. Founded in 2018 with the goal of advancing [[data-driven journalism]], the publication launched in February 2020. [[Nabiha Syed]] is the current chief executive and Sisi Wei is the Editor-in-Chief. +'''''The Markup''''' is an American [[nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] [[News media|news publication]] focused on the impact of technology on society. Founded in 2018 with the goal of advancing [[data-driven journalism]], the publication launched in February 2020. [[Nabiha Syed]] is the current chief executive officer and Sisi Wei is the editor-in-chief. == History == -''The Markup'' was co-founded by two former [[ProPublica]] journalists [[Julia Angwin]] and Jeff Larson, and executive and journalist [[Sue Gardner]].{{Cite web|url=https://themarkup.org/|title=About|website=The Markup|language=en|access-date=April 23, 2019}} The project was announced in April 2018, with an expected launch in early 2019.{{Cite news|url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/04/former-propublica-journalists-are-launching-a-newsroom-to-cover-the-impact-of-technology-on-society/|title=Former ProPublica journalists are launching a newsroom to cover the impact of technology on society|last=Owen|first=Laura Hazard|date=April 12, 2018|work=[[Nieman Foundation for Journalism]]|access-date=September 23, 2018}} In April 2019, Gardner fired Angwin as editor-in-chief. According to Larson and Gardner, the reasons for Angwin's ouster included disagreements over the non-journalistic responsibilities of Angwin's role as an executive, such as the organization falling behind in its hiring plans and the launch timeline.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/the-markup.php|title=Here's what happened inside The Markup|last=Ingram|first=Matthew|author-link=Matthew Ingram|date=2019-04-30|website=Columbia Journalism Review|language=en|access-date=2019-06-09}} On August 6, 2019, The Markup announced that Angwin would return as editor-in-chief, along with [[Nabiha Syed]] as president and much of the original team – but without Larson or Gardner.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/business/media/the-markup-julia-angwin.html|title=The Markup, a Tech News Site, Reinstalls Its Fired Editor as Part of a Fresh Start|website=The New York Times|date=6 August 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07|last1=Tracy|first1=Marc}} Syed was previously [[BuzzFeed]]’s general counsel and vice president. The publication launched in February 2020. +''The Markup'' was co-founded by two former [[ProPublica]] journalists [[Julia Angwin]] and Jeff Larson, and executive and journalist [[Sue Gardner]].{{Cite web|url=https://themarkup.org/|title=About|website=The Markup|language=en|access-date=April 23, 2019}} The project was announced in April 2018, with an expected launch in early 2019.{{Cite news |url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/04/former-propublica-journalists-are-launching-a-newsroom-to-cover-the-impact-of-technology-on-society/ |title=Former ProPublica journalists are launching a newsroom to cover the impact of technology on society |last=Owen |first=Laura Hazard |date=April 12, 2018 |work=[[Nieman Foundation for Journalism]] |access-date=September 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414045711/http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/04/former-propublica-journalists-are-launching-a-newsroom-to-cover-the-impact-of-technology-on-society/ |archive-date=April 14, 2018 |url-status=live}} -In 2022, Syed became chief executive and hired Sisi Wei, formerly of OpenNews and [[ProPublica]], as editor-in-chief to replace Angwin. Wei brings a "bigger focus on the human impact of technology."{{Cite web |last=Lab |first=Hanaa' Tameez {{!}} Nieman |title='A bigger focus on the human impact of technology': Sisi Wei is The Markup’s new editor-in-chief |url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/a-bigger-focus-on-the-human-impact-of-technology-sisi-wei-is-the-markups-new-editor-in-chief,236581 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Editor and Publisher |language=en}} +In 2018, founder Anguin said the portal planned to collect and create public datasets through [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|public records]] requests, automated data collection, [[crowdsourcing]] information, and creating tools.{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/9/27/17908798/julia-angwin-markup-jeff-larson-craig-newmark-data-investigative-journalism-peter-kafka-podcast |title=It may be ‘data journalism,’ but Julia Angwin’s new site the Markup is nothing like FiveThirtyEight |last=Johnson |first=Eric |date=September 27, 2018 |work=[[Recode]] |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501012724/https://www.vox.com/2018/9/27/17908798/julia-angwin-markup-jeff-larson-craig-newmark-data-investigative-journalism-peter-kafka-podcast |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |url-status=live}} + +In April 2019, Gardner fired Angwin as editor-in-chief. According to Larson and Gardner, the reasons for Angwin's removal included disagreements over the non-journalistic responsibilities of Angwin's role as an executive, such as the organization falling behind in its hiring plans and the launch timeline.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/the-markup.php |title=Here's what happened inside The Markup |last=Ingram |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Ingram |date=April 25, 2019 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |language=en |access-date=March 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425201556/https://www.cjr.org/analysis/the-markup.php |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |url-status=live}} Larson was named as her replacement. In a letter to [[Craig Newmark]], The Markup's largest donor, Angwin asked him to intervene, claiming she was pushed out after resisting Gardner's attempts to change The Markup's mission to "one based on advocacy against the tech companies." Six out of seven journalists on staff resigned following Angwin's ouster. Gardner denied changing the mission, telling ''The New York Times,'' "We are, pure and simple, a news outlet, we always have been and always will be. Our goals and purpose haven’t changed."{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/business/media/julia-angwin-markup.html|title=Julia Angwin Is Out as Editor of New Tech Watchdog Site The Markup|last=Maheshwari|first=Sapna|date=April 23, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|author-link=Sapna Maheshwari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423144603/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/business/media/julia-angwin-markup.html |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/julia-angwin-markup-letter-sue-gardner.php |title=The Markup ousts editor in chief Julia Angwin, prompting resignations |last=Sterne |first=Peter |date=April 23, 2019 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |language=en |access-date=April 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623080459/https://www.cjr.org/analysis/julia-angwin-markup-letter-sue-gardner.php |archive-date=June 23, 2019 |url-status=live}} According to Larson and Gardner, the reasons for Angwin's ouster had instead included disagreements over the non-journalistic responsibilities of Angwin's role as an executive, such as the organization falling behind in its hiring plans and the launch timeline. + +In May 2019, Newmark announced that Gardner and Larson had left The Markup, and there were reports about plans to bring back Angwin as editor-in-chief.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/24/business/media/markup-tech-site-newsroom-departures.html|title=More Turmoil at The Markup, a Tech Site Still in Beta Mode|last=Tracy|first=Marc|date=May 24, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 9, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524231450/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/24/business/media/markup-tech-site-newsroom-departures.html|archive-date=May 24, 2019|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/julia-angwin-in-talks-to-return-to-tech-news-site-she-helped-found-11558736426 |title=Julia Angwin in Talks to Return to Tech News Site She Helped Found |last=Vranica |first=Suzanne |date=May 24, 2019 |work=Wall Street Journal |access-date=June 9, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525010021/https://www.wsj.com/articles/julia-angwin-in-talks-to-return-to-tech-news-site-she-helped-found-11558736426 |archive-date=May 25, 2019 |url-status=live}} + +On August 6, 2019, The Markup announced that Angwin would return as editor-in-chief, along with [[Nabiha Syed]] as president and much of the original team – but without Larson or Gardner.{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/business/media/the-markup-julia-angwin.html|title=The Markup, a Tech News Site, Reinstalls Its Fired Editor as Part of a Fresh Start|website=The New York Times|date=August 6, 2019|language=en|access-date=August 7, 2019|last1=Tracy|first1=Marc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806171003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/business/media/the-markup-julia-angwin.html|archive-date=August 6, 2019|url-status=live}} Syed was previously [[BuzzFeed]]’s associate general counsel and vice president. + +The publication launched in February 2020.{{cite news|last=Tracy |first=Marc |date=February 24, 2020 |title=After Long Wait, The Markup Is Ready to ‘Show Our Work’ |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/24/business/the-markup-tech-launch.html |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224211005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/24/business/the-markup-tech-launch.html |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |url-status=live}} + +In 2022, Syed hired Sisi Wei, formerly of OpenNews and [[ProPublica]] to become editor-in-chief, replacing Angwin.{{Cite web |last=Tameez |first=Hanaaʼ |last=Tameez |title=“A bigger focus on the human impact of technology”: Sisi Wei is The Markup’s new editor-in-chief |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/08/a-bigger-focus-on-the-human-impact-of-technology-sisi-wei-is-the-markups-new-editor-in-chief/ |access-date=March 26, 2023 |website=Nieman Lab |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802214652/https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/08/a-bigger-focus-on-the-human-impact-of-technology-sisi-wei-is-the-markups-new-editor-in-chief/ |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |url-status=live}} + +In February 2023, Angwin left The Markup.{{cite web |last=Angwin |first=Julia |date=February 4, 2023 |title=Journalistic Lessons for the Algorithmic Age |url=https://themarkup.org/hello-world/2023/02/04/journalistic-lessons-for-the-algorithmic-age |work=[[The Markup]] |access-date=March 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204130338/https://themarkup.org/hello-world/2023/02/04/journalistic-lessons-for-the-algorithmic-age |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |url-status=live}} == Funding == The Markup received a $20 million gift from [[Craigslist]] founder [[Craig Newmark]]. The Markup also raised $2 million from the [[John S. and James L. Knight Foundation|Knight Foundation]] and an additional $1 million from the [[Ford Foundation]], [[MacArthur Foundation]], and ''The Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Initiative''.{{Cite news |last=Bowles |first=Nellie |author-link=Nellie Bowles |date=September 23, 2018 |title=News Site to Investigate Big Tech, Helped by Craigslist Founder |language=en |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/business/media/the-markup-craig-newmark.html |access-date=September 24, 2018}} @@ -20,13 +33,13 @@ The Markup received a $20 million gift from [[Craigslist]] founder [[Craig Newma == Coverage and impact == === 2022 reporting on Meta and tax preparation companies === -In November 2022, an investigation by ''The Markup'' revealed that tax filing companies including [[H&R Block]], [[TaxSlayer]], and [[TaxAct]] have shared users' financial information with [[Facebook]] parent company [[Meta Platforms|Meta]].{{Cite web |last=Fingas |first=Jon |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Tax prep websites have been sending sensitive financial data to Facebook |url=https://www.engadget.com/tax-filing-website-data-meta-pixel-facebook-154500543.html |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |title=Popular tax prep software sent financial information to Meta: report |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/22/popular-tax-prep-software-sent-financial-information-to-meta-report.html |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=CNBC |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Leahey |first=Andrew |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Facebook Leak Just One Reason Taxpayer Data Sharing Must Stop |url=https://news.bloombergtax.com/tax-insights-and-commentary/facebook-leak-just-one-reason-taxpayer-data-sharing-must-stop |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Bloomberg Tax |language=en}} In response, a class action lawsuit was filed by H&R Block customers against Meta, who accused the tech company of violating users' privacy rights.{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=December 3, 2022 |title=Meta faces lawsuit for harvesting financial data from tax prep websites |url=https://www.engadget.com/meta-collecting-sensitive-financial-data-tax-prep-websites-100454171.html |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}} Senator [[Elizabeth Warren]] and representatives [[Katie Porter]] and [[Brad Sherman]] sent letters to the tax companies, as well as Meta and [[Google]], to warn against such behavior.{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2022 |title=Senators Warren, Wyden, Representatives Porter and Sherman Call Out Tax Prep Companies for Sharing of Private Taxpayer Financial Information with Meta, Google {{!}} U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts |url=https://www.warren.senate.gov/oversight/letters/senators-warren-wyden-representatives-porter-and-sherman-call-out-tax-prep-companies-for-sharing-of-private-taxpayer-financial-information-with-meta-google |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Senator Elizabeth Warren (warren.senate.gov) |language=en}} +In November 2022, an investigation by ''The Markup'' revealed that tax filing companies including [[H&R Block]], [[TaxSlayer]], and [[TaxAct]] have shared users' financial information with [[Facebook]] parent company [[Meta Platforms|Meta]].{{Cite web |last=Fingas |first=Jon |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Tax prep websites have been sending sensitive financial data to Facebook |url=https://www.engadget.com/tax-filing-website-data-meta-pixel-facebook-154500543.html |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Engadget |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122154926/https://www.engadget.com/tax-filing-website-data-meta-pixel-facebook-154500543.html |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |title=Popular tax prep software sent financial information to Meta: report |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/22/popular-tax-prep-software-sent-financial-information-to-meta-report.html |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122144534/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/22/popular-tax-prep-software-sent-financial-information-to-meta-report.html |archive-date=November 22, 2022}}{{Cite web |last=Leahey |first=Andrew |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Facebook Leak Just One Reason Taxpayer Data Sharing Must Stop |url=https://news.bloombergtax.com/tax-insights-and-commentary/facebook-leak-just-one-reason-taxpayer-data-sharing-must-stop |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Bloomberg Tax |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213121304/https://news.bloombergtax.com/ |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |url-status=live}} In response, a class action lawsuit was filed by H&R Block customers against Meta, who accused the tech company of violating users' privacy rights.{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=December 3, 2022 |title=Meta faces lawsuit for harvesting financial data from tax prep websites |url=https://www.engadget.com/meta-collecting-sensitive-financial-data-tax-prep-websites-100454171.html |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Engadget |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203102348/https://www.engadget.com/meta-collecting-sensitive-financial-data-tax-prep-websites-100454171.html |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |url-status=live}} Senator [[Elizabeth Warren]] and representatives [[Katie Porter]] and [[Brad Sherman]] sent letters to the tax companies, as well as Meta and [[Google]], to warn against such behavior.{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2022 |title=Senators Warren, Wyden, Representatives Porter and Sherman Call Out Tax Prep Companies for Sharing of Private Taxpayer Financial Information with Meta, Google {{!}} U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts |url=https://www.warren.senate.gov/oversight/letters/senators-warren-wyden-representatives-porter-and-sherman-call-out-tax-prep-companies-for-sharing-of-private-taxpayer-financial-information-with-meta-google |access-date=January 5, 2023 |website=Senator Elizabeth Warren (warren.senate.gov) |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214215224/https://www.warren.senate.gov/oversight/letters/senators-warren-wyden-representatives-porter-and-sherman-call-out-tax-prep-companies-for-sharing-of-private-taxpayer-financial-information-with-meta-google |archive-date=December 14, 2022 |url-status=live}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == -* {{url|TheMarkUp.org}} +* {{Official website}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Markup, The}} [[Category:2018 establishments in New York City]] -- 2.30.2 From 2e43bb0720f31906c4bf4a7b8c793cebe6a23196 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Mon, 27 Mar 2023 05:16:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 06/16] fix(en:Julia Angwin):Note Angwin is no longer with The Markup --- en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt index 3e9f86c..8c9a475 100644 --- a/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ | relatives = }} -'''Julia Angwin''' is a Pulitzer Prize-winning{{cite web |title=Julia Angwin in Talks to Return to Tech News Site She Helped Found |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/julia-angwin-in-talks-to-return-to-tech-news-site-she-helped-found-11558736426 |date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} [[United States|American]] investigative journalist, New York Times bestselling author, and entrepreneur. She is co-founder and Editor-at-Large of [[The Markup]], a nonprofit newsroom that investigates the impact of technology on society. She was a senior reporter at ''[[ProPublica]]'' from 2014 to April 2018{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/people/julia-angwin |series=Profiles |title=Julia Angwin|publisher=[[ProPublica]] |date=nd |access-date=September 24, 2018}} and staff reporter at the New York bureau of ''The Wall Street Journal'' from 2000 to 2013. Angwin is author of non-fiction books, ''Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America'' (2009) and ''[[Dragnet Nation]]'' (2014).{{cite book |title=Dragnet Nation: A quest for privacy, security, and freedom in a world of relentless surveillance |first=Julia |last=Angwin |publisher=[[Times Books]] |date=February 25, 2014 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 304] |isbn=978-0805098075 |url=https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 }} She is a winner and two-time finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in journalism.{{cite web |title=The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Explanatory Reporting |publisher=Pulitzer.org |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/julia-angwin-jeff-larson-surya-mattu-lauren-kirchner-and-terry-parris-jr-propublica |date=2017 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} +'''Julia Angwin''' is a Pulitzer Prize-winning{{cite web |title=Julia Angwin in Talks to Return to Tech News Site She Helped Found |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/julia-angwin-in-talks-to-return-to-tech-news-site-she-helped-found-11558736426 |date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} [[United States|American]] investigative journalist, New York Times bestselling author, and entrepreneur. She is co-founder of [[The Markup]], a nonprofit newsroom that investigates the impact of technology on society. She was a senior reporter at ''[[ProPublica]]'' from 2014 to April 2018{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/people/julia-angwin |series=Profiles |title=Julia Angwin|publisher=[[ProPublica]] |date=nd |access-date=September 24, 2018}} and staff reporter at the New York bureau of ''The Wall Street Journal'' from 2000 to 2013. Angwin is author of non-fiction books, ''Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America'' (2009) and ''[[Dragnet Nation]]'' (2014).{{cite book |title=Dragnet Nation: A quest for privacy, security, and freedom in a world of relentless surveillance |first=Julia |last=Angwin |publisher=[[Times Books]] |date=February 25, 2014 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 304] |isbn=978-0805098075 |url=https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 }} She is a winner and two-time finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in journalism.{{cite web |title=The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Explanatory Reporting |publisher=Pulitzer.org |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/julia-angwin-jeff-larson-surya-mattu-lauren-kirchner-and-terry-parris-jr-propublica |date=2017 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} == Early life and education == Julia Angwin was born in Champaign, Illinois, to university professor parents who moved to Silicon Valley in 1974 to work in the emerging personal computer industry. She grew up in Palo Alto, where she learned to code in the 5th grade.{{cite web |url=https://archives.cjr.org/critical_eye/myspace_odyssey.php |title=MySpace Odyssey |author=James Marcus |date=March 18, 2009 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} During summers, she worked at the Hewlett-Packard Demo Center in Cupertino.{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/podcasts/2019/4/26/18517875/julia-angwin-markup-sue-gardner-jeff-larson-craig-newmark-facebook-kara-swisher-decode-podcast |title=What the hell happened at The Markup? Part 1: Former editor-in-chief Julia Angwin on Recode Decode |author=Eric Johnson|date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} Angwin graduated from the University of Chicago in 1992 with a B.A. in mathematics.{{cite web |url=https://billmoyers.com/guest/julia-angwin/ |author=[[Bill Moyers]] |title=Julia Angwin Investigative Journalist |access-date=May 12, 2021}} She was named a Knight-Bagehot Fellow at Columbia Journalism School in 1998.{{cite web |url=https://talkingbiznews.com/we-talk-biz-news/new-knight-bagehot-director-narisetti-talks-about-its-changes/ |author=[[Chris Roush]] |title= New Knight-Bagehot director Narisetti talks about its changes |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} She then completed her MBA at Columbia University with a concentration in accounting in 1999.{{cite web |url=https://www.media.mit.edu/people/jangwin/overview/ |title=Director's Fellow |access-date=May 12, 2021}} -- 2.30.2 From caf9a91c4606ed8a11b258701160a56425552a27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Mon, 27 Mar 2023 05:17:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 07/16] fix(en:Julia Angwin):Note Angwin was editor-in-chief of the markup --- en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt index 8c9a475..b8a96ea 100644 --- a/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ | relatives = }} -'''Julia Angwin''' is a Pulitzer Prize-winning{{cite web |title=Julia Angwin in Talks to Return to Tech News Site She Helped Found |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/julia-angwin-in-talks-to-return-to-tech-news-site-she-helped-found-11558736426 |date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} [[United States|American]] investigative journalist, New York Times bestselling author, and entrepreneur. She is co-founder of [[The Markup]], a nonprofit newsroom that investigates the impact of technology on society. She was a senior reporter at ''[[ProPublica]]'' from 2014 to April 2018{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/people/julia-angwin |series=Profiles |title=Julia Angwin|publisher=[[ProPublica]] |date=nd |access-date=September 24, 2018}} and staff reporter at the New York bureau of ''The Wall Street Journal'' from 2000 to 2013. Angwin is author of non-fiction books, ''Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America'' (2009) and ''[[Dragnet Nation]]'' (2014).{{cite book |title=Dragnet Nation: A quest for privacy, security, and freedom in a world of relentless surveillance |first=Julia |last=Angwin |publisher=[[Times Books]] |date=February 25, 2014 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 304] |isbn=978-0805098075 |url=https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 }} She is a winner and two-time finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in journalism.{{cite web |title=The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Explanatory Reporting |publisher=Pulitzer.org |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/julia-angwin-jeff-larson-surya-mattu-lauren-kirchner-and-terry-parris-jr-propublica |date=2017 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} +'''Julia Angwin''' is a Pulitzer Prize-winning{{cite web |title=Julia Angwin in Talks to Return to Tech News Site She Helped Found |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/julia-angwin-in-talks-to-return-to-tech-news-site-she-helped-found-11558736426 |date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} [[United States|American]] investigative journalist, New York Times bestselling author, and entrepreneur. She is a co-founder and was editor-in-chief of [[The Markup]], a nonprofit newsroom that investigates the impact of technology on society. She was a senior reporter at ''[[ProPublica]]'' from 2014 to April 2018{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/people/julia-angwin |series=Profiles |title=Julia Angwin|publisher=[[ProPublica]] |date=nd |access-date=September 24, 2018}} and staff reporter at the New York bureau of ''The Wall Street Journal'' from 2000 to 2013. Angwin is author of non-fiction books, ''Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America'' (2009) and ''[[Dragnet Nation]]'' (2014).{{cite book |title=Dragnet Nation: A quest for privacy, security, and freedom in a world of relentless surveillance |first=Julia |last=Angwin |publisher=[[Times Books]] |date=February 25, 2014 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 304] |isbn=978-0805098075 |url=https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 }} She is a winner and two-time finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in journalism.{{cite web |title=The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Explanatory Reporting |publisher=Pulitzer.org |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/julia-angwin-jeff-larson-surya-mattu-lauren-kirchner-and-terry-parris-jr-propublica |date=2017 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} == Early life and education == Julia Angwin was born in Champaign, Illinois, to university professor parents who moved to Silicon Valley in 1974 to work in the emerging personal computer industry. She grew up in Palo Alto, where she learned to code in the 5th grade.{{cite web |url=https://archives.cjr.org/critical_eye/myspace_odyssey.php |title=MySpace Odyssey |author=James Marcus |date=March 18, 2009 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} During summers, she worked at the Hewlett-Packard Demo Center in Cupertino.{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/podcasts/2019/4/26/18517875/julia-angwin-markup-sue-gardner-jeff-larson-craig-newmark-facebook-kara-swisher-decode-podcast |title=What the hell happened at The Markup? Part 1: Former editor-in-chief Julia Angwin on Recode Decode |author=Eric Johnson|date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} Angwin graduated from the University of Chicago in 1992 with a B.A. in mathematics.{{cite web |url=https://billmoyers.com/guest/julia-angwin/ |author=[[Bill Moyers]] |title=Julia Angwin Investigative Journalist |access-date=May 12, 2021}} She was named a Knight-Bagehot Fellow at Columbia Journalism School in 1998.{{cite web |url=https://talkingbiznews.com/we-talk-biz-news/new-knight-bagehot-director-narisetti-talks-about-its-changes/ |author=[[Chris Roush]] |title= New Knight-Bagehot director Narisetti talks about its changes |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} She then completed her MBA at Columbia University with a concentration in accounting in 1999.{{cite web |url=https://www.media.mit.edu/people/jangwin/overview/ |title=Director's Fellow |access-date=May 12, 2021}} -- 2.30.2 From 7150c6f8dd30ae6fd9f923a735bce5e939bc4c64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Mon, 27 Mar 2023 05:18:49 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 08/16] fix(en:Julia Angwin):Reword Angwin's relationship with The Markup --- en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt index b8a96ea..f41ece8 100644 --- a/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ | relatives = }} -'''Julia Angwin''' is a Pulitzer Prize-winning{{cite web |title=Julia Angwin in Talks to Return to Tech News Site She Helped Found |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/julia-angwin-in-talks-to-return-to-tech-news-site-she-helped-found-11558736426 |date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} [[United States|American]] investigative journalist, New York Times bestselling author, and entrepreneur. She is a co-founder and was editor-in-chief of [[The Markup]], a nonprofit newsroom that investigates the impact of technology on society. She was a senior reporter at ''[[ProPublica]]'' from 2014 to April 2018{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/people/julia-angwin |series=Profiles |title=Julia Angwin|publisher=[[ProPublica]] |date=nd |access-date=September 24, 2018}} and staff reporter at the New York bureau of ''The Wall Street Journal'' from 2000 to 2013. Angwin is author of non-fiction books, ''Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America'' (2009) and ''[[Dragnet Nation]]'' (2014).{{cite book |title=Dragnet Nation: A quest for privacy, security, and freedom in a world of relentless surveillance |first=Julia |last=Angwin |publisher=[[Times Books]] |date=February 25, 2014 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 304] |isbn=978-0805098075 |url=https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 }} She is a winner and two-time finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in journalism.{{cite web |title=The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Explanatory Reporting |publisher=Pulitzer.org |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/julia-angwin-jeff-larson-surya-mattu-lauren-kirchner-and-terry-parris-jr-propublica |date=2017 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} +'''Julia Angwin''' is a Pulitzer Prize-winning{{cite web |title=Julia Angwin in Talks to Return to Tech News Site She Helped Found |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/julia-angwin-in-talks-to-return-to-tech-news-site-she-helped-found-11558736426 |date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} [[United States|American]] investigative journalist, New York Times bestselling author, and entrepreneur. She was a co-founder and editor-in-chief of [[The Markup]], a nonprofit newsroom that investigates the impact of technology on society. She was a senior reporter at ''[[ProPublica]]'' from 2014 to April 2018{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/people/julia-angwin |series=Profiles |title=Julia Angwin|publisher=[[ProPublica]] |date=nd |access-date=September 24, 2018}} and staff reporter at the New York bureau of ''The Wall Street Journal'' from 2000 to 2013. Angwin is author of non-fiction books, ''Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America'' (2009) and ''[[Dragnet Nation]]'' (2014).{{cite book |title=Dragnet Nation: A quest for privacy, security, and freedom in a world of relentless surveillance |first=Julia |last=Angwin |publisher=[[Times Books]] |date=February 25, 2014 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 304] |isbn=978-0805098075 |url=https://archive.org/details/dragnetnationque0000angw/page/304 }} She is a winner and two-time finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in journalism.{{cite web |title=The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Explanatory Reporting |publisher=Pulitzer.org |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/julia-angwin-jeff-larson-surya-mattu-lauren-kirchner-and-terry-parris-jr-propublica |date=2017 |access-date=April 29, 2021}} == Early life and education == Julia Angwin was born in Champaign, Illinois, to university professor parents who moved to Silicon Valley in 1974 to work in the emerging personal computer industry. She grew up in Palo Alto, where she learned to code in the 5th grade.{{cite web |url=https://archives.cjr.org/critical_eye/myspace_odyssey.php |title=MySpace Odyssey |author=James Marcus |date=March 18, 2009 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} During summers, she worked at the Hewlett-Packard Demo Center in Cupertino.{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/podcasts/2019/4/26/18517875/julia-angwin-markup-sue-gardner-jeff-larson-craig-newmark-facebook-kara-swisher-decode-podcast |title=What the hell happened at The Markup? Part 1: Former editor-in-chief Julia Angwin on Recode Decode |author=Eric Johnson|date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} Angwin graduated from the University of Chicago in 1992 with a B.A. in mathematics.{{cite web |url=https://billmoyers.com/guest/julia-angwin/ |author=[[Bill Moyers]] |title=Julia Angwin Investigative Journalist |access-date=May 12, 2021}} She was named a Knight-Bagehot Fellow at Columbia Journalism School in 1998.{{cite web |url=https://talkingbiznews.com/we-talk-biz-news/new-knight-bagehot-director-narisetti-talks-about-its-changes/ |author=[[Chris Roush]] |title= New Knight-Bagehot director Narisetti talks about its changes |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=May 12, 2021}} She then completed her MBA at Columbia University with a concentration in accounting in 1999.{{cite web |url=https://www.media.mit.edu/people/jangwin/overview/ |title=Director's Fellow |access-date=May 12, 2021}} -- 2.30.2 From af909be4f429c7618b313d2d94c76d93ca8788cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Mon, 27 Mar 2023 05:20:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 09/16] style(en:Julia Angwin):Add historic status as editor-in-chief to infobox --- en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt index f41ece8..9b53c12 100644 --- a/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Julia_Angwin/article.txt @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ | death_date = | death_place = | alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
[[Columbia University]] {{small|(MBA Graduate School of Business)}} -| occupation = Investigative journalist, Co-founder of [[The Markup]] +| occupation = Investigative journalist, Co-founder and Editor-in-Chief of [[The Markup]] | awards = Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting | spouse = | children = -- 2.30.2 From 62d7698e788a9e7bb096f813a26d3642505f9eb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Thu, 30 Mar 2023 22:44:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 10/16] feat(en:Granblue Fantasy):Record edit: use mdy dates --- en.wikipedia.org/Granblue_Fantasy/article.txt | 110 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 110 insertions(+) create mode 100644 en.wikipedia.org/Granblue_Fantasy/article.txt diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Granblue_Fantasy/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Granblue_Fantasy/article.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de56f5e --- /dev/null +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Granblue_Fantasy/article.txt @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +{{short description|2014 role-playing video game and its franchise}} +{{use mdy dates|date=March 2023}} +{{Distinguish|Grand Blue Dreaming}} +{{Infobox video game +| title = Granblue Fantasy +| image = Granblue Fantasy logo.png +| caption = +| developer = [[Cygames]] +| publisher = Cygames +| series = +| platforms = {{ubl |[[Android (operating system)|Android]]|[[iOS]]|[[iPadOS]]|[[Browser game|Web browser]]}} +| released = {{Video game release|JP|March 10, 2014}} +| genre = [[Massively multiplayer online role-playing game]] +| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[multiplayer]] +| director = Tetsuya Fukuhara +| producer = Yuito Kimura (Launch - 2014), +Koichi Haruta (2014 - 2016), +Yuito Kimura (2016 - Current) +| artist = Hideo Minaba, Yuya Nagai, Ryoji Ohara, Ryota Murayama, Hitomi Yoshimura +| writer = +| composer = {{ubl|[[Nobuo Uematsu]]|Tsutomu Narita}} +}} +{{nihongo foot|'''''Granblue Fantasy'''''|グランブルーファンタジー|Guranburū Fantajī|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]:グランブルーファンタジー, [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''Guranburū Fantajī)'' is a Japanese [[social-network game]] and [[role-playing video game]] developed by [[Cygames]] for [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]] and [[web browser]]s, which first released in Japan in March 2014. The game reunites [[music composer]] [[Nobuo Uematsu]] and [[art director]] Hideo Minaba, who previously collaborated on ''[[Final Fantasy V]]'' (1992), ''[[Final Fantasy VI]]'' (1994), ''[[Final Fantasy IX]]'' (2000) and ''[[Lost Odyssey]]'' (2007). + +==Gameplay== +The game plays as a [[role-playing video game]] with [[turn-based]] battles.{{cite web|last=James |first=Dean |url=http://www.justpushstart.com/2013/11/granblue-fantasy-revealed-nobuo-uematsus-mobile-blockbuster-jrpg/ |title=Granblue Fantasy revealed as Nobuo Uematsu's mobile 'blockbuster' JRPG |publisher=Just Push Start |access-date=2013-11-27}} The game also contains [[Summon magic (Final Fantasy)|summon]]s and a [[Final Fantasy character jobs|class system]] that alters the main character's move-set and growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2013/11/8/5080618/final-fantasy-veterans-team-up-for-blockbuster-jrpg-granblue-fantasy |title=Final Fantasy veterans team up for mobile 'blockbuster JRPG' Granblue Fantasy |publisher=Polygon |date=2013-11-08 |access-date=2013-11-27}} Characters gain levels and abilities by accruing experience; by collecting certain materials, some character may earn an extra star (which is called "FLB" or full limit break) summons and weapons equipped also confer characters with bonuses on attack power and HP. The characters themselves are gained either via quests (the main story quests or special event quests) or by using in-game currency to receive random crystal fragments, which may contain special weapons that add specific characters to the party. Characters, summons, and weapons are ranked (from best to worst) as SSR, SR, R, or N; each is also of type wind, water, fire, earth, light, or darkness. It is recommended to use a superior element on battle (for example using water against fire) as some dungeon giving a penalty to the non-superior element. Voice actors provide voices for all of the characters in battle, and for much of the main and event story lines including tie-in/collaboration's characters and stories. + +==Plot== + +Act 1: Girl in Blue{{Cite magazine |last=ジャイアント黒田 (ライター) |first=武藤先輩 (編集部) |date=9 April 2022 |title=【グラブル】シナリオチームリーダー陣インタビュー。『グラブル』のシナリオの作りかたや四騎士誕生秘話などを語る【8周年記念特集】 {{!}} ゲーム・エンタメ最新情報のファミ通.com (Interview) |url=https://www.famitsu.com/news/202204/09256537.html |magazine=[[Famitsu]]}} + +The Captain ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 団長, Danchō) (the player character, either Gran (Male) or Djeeta (Female) by default) and their winged companion Vyrn are relaxing in the town of Zinkenstill, when they spot an Erste Empire airship in the sky nearby. The Captain inadvertently comes to the rescue of a girl named Lyria and an Imperial Officer named Katalina as they try to escape from the Empire. However, the Captain suffers a mortal wound during the fight, forcing Lyria to merge her soul with them in order to bring them back from the brink of death. Lyria then uses her power to summon a giant monster called Proto-Bahamut, driving the Empire's forces away. With the Captain and Katalina's fates now tied to Lyria, the three of them decide to head to the island of Estalucia, both to escape from the Empire and possibly find clues about the Captain's estranged father. + +Unfortunately, Katalina's poor piloting skills cause them to crash-land elsewhere in the Port Breeze Archipelago. The trio look for a working airship and a pilot to steer it. They end up meeting Rackam, an odd helmsman working on an airship that has been broken for years. However, the Empire follows them to the island as well, looking to recapture Lyria. The three eventually manage to convince Rackam to help them fight off the Imperial soldiers chasing them, and in return help him finish repairing his airship, the ''Grandcypher'', to make it skyworthy. + +As the Captain travels across the skies, gathering up more allies on their journey and fighting Primal Beasts, creatures created by those many years ago, the crew find themselves slowly dragged into a plot involving the mysterious Black Knight, the doll-like Orchis, and the history that the Empire seeks to keep secret while they pursue Lyria. + +Act 2: Dawning Sky + +After thwarted Freesia's ambitions and collected the remaining Skydom Map Pieces, with the completed Phantagrande Skydom Map, they manage to break thru the miasma of the Grim Basin, but due to Loki's manipulation the Grandcypher crew were separated. The destination they have arrived was the unified kingdom that was destroyed ten years ago, it was the Nalhegrande Skydom. As the Main characters and Katalina have safety gathered in one place, they had met a young man named Cain on Melkmaar Island where they had drifted to. + +Act 3: Wayfaring Astral + +After preventing The True King from taking over the Nalhe Great Wall, the Grandcypher Crew went to chase after the Main Character who had fell from the collapsing island who had rescued Alliah. + +==Development== +{{quotebox|I thought to myself, "Can we really make a mobile RPG with such a large-scale feeling from this?" but after seeing the game screen, I was truly surprised...It's as if you completely forget that you're playing a mobile game.{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2013/11/08/final-fantasy-vi-art-director-reunites-nobuo-uematsu-new-rpg/#cyLffZTAQdc5D3w7.99 |title=Final Fantasy VI Art Director Reunites With Nobuo Uematsu For A New RPG |publisher=Siliconera |date=2013-11-08 |access-date=2013-11-27}}|– [[DeNA]] director Kenji Kobayashi |width=20%|align=right}}Uematsu worked on eleven tracks for the game, with Tsutomu Narita doing nine others, and Minaba drawing roughly 100 potential character designs.{{cite web|last=Schulenberg |first=Thomas |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2013/11/09/final-fantasy-6-art-director-composer-working-on-granblue-fanta/ |title=Final Fantasy 6 art director, composer working on Granblue Fantasy |publisher=Joystiq |date=2013-11-09 |access-date=2013-11-27}} The game also contains [[voice over]]s from [[Hiroaki Hirata]] as Rackam, who previously worked on ''[[Final Fantasy XII]]'' and ''[[Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy]]''. + +The game was originally planned for release in Japan for December 17, 2013, but it was put back to March 10, 2014.{{cite web |last=Shearer |first=Stew |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/129483-Nobuo-Uematsu-and-FFVI-Art-Director-Join-Mobile-RPG-Granblue-Fantasy |title=Nobuo Uematsu and FFVI Art Director Join Mobile RPG Granblue Fantasy |publisher=The Escapist |access-date=2013-11-27 |archive-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230903/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/129483-Nobuo-Uematsu-and-FFVI-Art-Director-Join-Mobile-RPG-Granblue-Fantasy |url-status=dead }} The game is [[free-to-play]] and published by [[Mobage]].{{cite web|url=http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/iPhone/Granblue+Fantasy/news.asp?c=55156 |title=Nobuo Uematsu and FFVI art director reunite for Granblue Fantasy, a Mobage mobile game |publisher=Pocket Gamer |access-date=2013-11-27}} At [[TGS 2015]], it was announced that the game would receive an international release in March 2016.{{cite web|last1=Musgrave|first1=Shaun|title=TGS 2015: Hit Social RPG 'Granblue Fantasy' Will Be Coming To The West In March 2016|url=http://toucharcade.com/2015/09/18/tgs-2015-hit-social-rpg-granblue-fantasy-will-be-coming-to-the-west-in-march-2016/|publisher=Touch Arcade|access-date=22 September 2015}} Instead of an international launch, a language patch was released adding an in-game option to switch from Japanese to English.{{Cite web|title = 『グラブル』新ジョブの賢者・ガンスリンガー・剣聖・アサシンが発表。新コラボ情報も【TGS2015】|url = http://dengekionline.com/elem/000/001/122/1122673/|website = 電撃オンライン|access-date = 2015-11-11|language = ja-JP}} This allows international players who have been playing the Japanese version to keep all of their data. + +The designs were created from subsidiary company CyDesignation that had created designs for different series such as a few [[Final Fantasy]] series ([[Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII|Lightning Returns Final Fantasy XIII]], [[Mobius Final Fantasy|MOBIUS FINAL FANTASY]] and [[Final Fantasy Legends II|Final Fantasy Legends Space-Time Crystal]]), [[Lord of Vermilion III|LORD of VERMILION III]], [[Bravely Second: End Layer|Bravely Second]] and [[Tokyo Mirage Sessions ♯FE]].{{Cite web |title=Art {{!}} 株式会社CyDesignation |url=https://www.cydesignation.co.jp/art/}} Granblue Fantasy's character designs were done by Hideo Minaba, Yuya Nagai, Ryoji Ohara, Ryota Murayama and Hitomi Yoshimura. Scenery designs by Sotaro Hori, Hitomi Yoshimura, Yutaro Kaneda, Megumi Hasegawa, Masaki Hirooka, YUU Kikuchi, Toronn and Fumio Seno.{{cite web |title=Cydesignation Art Gallery |url=https://www.cydesignation.co.jp/art/detail.php?id=art-0001&img=1 |website=Cydesignation}} + +==Reception== + +By March 2016, the game had been downloaded over 10 million times in Japan,{{cite web|title=登録者数1000万人突破！！|url=http://granbluefantasy.jp/pages/?p=7194|website=Granblue Fantasy|publisher=Cygames|access-date=29 April 2016|date=25 March 2016}} which had risen to over 25{{nbsp}}million by December 2019.{{cite news |title=2200万人突破キャンペーン開催のお知らせ |url=http://granbluefantasy.jp/pages/?p=21193 |work=Granblue Fantasy |publisher=[[Cygames]] |date=October 13, 2018 |language=ja}} The game grossed {{JPY|20.9 billion}} ({{US$|{{To USD|20900|JPN}} million|long=no}}) between January 2017 and October 2017.{{cite magazine |title=課金売上トップは『モンスト』、勢いを増す『FGO』―『ファミ通モバイルゲーム白書2018』12月12日発売 |url=https://www.famitsu.com/news/201712/08147606.html |magazine=[[Famitsu]] |date=December 8, 2017 |language=ja}} In 2018, it grossed {{JPY|33.9 billion}} ({{US$|{{To USD|33900|JPN}} million|long=no}}) where it was the year's sixth highest-grossing mobile game.{{cite web |title=2018年アプリ収益予測@Game-i |url=http://game-i.daa.jp/?2018%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E5%8F%8E%E7%9B%8A%E4%BA%88%E6%B8%AC |website=#セルラン分析/ゲーム株『Game-i』 |access-date=10 January 2019 |language=ja}} Combined, the game grossed at least {{JPY|{{#expr:20.9+33.9}} billion}} ({{US$|{{To USD|54800|JPN|round=yes}} million|long=no}}) in Japan between 2017 and 2018. Many journalists compared it favorably to earlier ''Final Fantasy'' games.{{cite web |url=http://www.egmnow.com/articles/news/final-fantasy-devs-collaborating-on-blockbuster-mobile-jrpg-granblue-fantasy/ |title=Final Fantasy Devs Collaborating on 'Blockbuster' JRPG Granblue Fantasy |publisher=EGMNOW |date=2013-11-11 |access-date=2013-11-27 |archive-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231923/http://www.egmnow.com/articles/news/final-fantasy-devs-collaborating-on-blockbuster-mobile-jrpg-granblue-fantasy/ |url-status=dead }} + +On 31st December of 2015. Due to the proven lucrative system of the game economy, as some players compulsively attempt to get desired characters via spending money on repeated random character acquisitions.[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-09/-6-065-hunt-for-blonde-avatar-exposes-dark-side-of-japan-gaming $6,065 Spent in One Night Shows Dark Side of Japan's Mobile Games][http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/03/14/business/smartphone-gamers-blow-small-fortune-on-their-obsession/#.WQgvl4jyuUk Smartphone gamers blow small fortune on their obsession] It was so effective to the point of raising worries of government regulation to stop exploitation; the Japan Online Game Association imposed stricter restrictions on the industry after a player streamed themselves spending around {{Yen|link=yes}}700,000 (~6,000 US dollars) attempting to get Andira, a new and heavily advertised character, on December 31, 2015. There was a time-limited period where Andira's appearance rate increased, with her becoming more difficult to acquire on January 3, fueling "[[delirium]]" and pressure on players to attempt to get her immediately. Frustration and claims of Andira's "drop rate" being less than advertised from other players as well led developer Cygames to offer compensation in crystals to people caught in the incident, a promise to set up a system to automatically give a drop after too many "misses", and an apology from the management.[http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/atcl/opinion/15/279975/033100001/?rt=nocnt グラブル」高額課金をサイバー副社長に問う] On 8th January, the management had issued an in-game apology for the confusion and discomfort caused to the rest of the customers. However, no compensation has been announced for the apology.{{Cite web |title=ガチャ炎上中の「グランブルーファンタジー」が謝罪 ユーザーからは「謝罪になってない」「そこじゃない」などの声も |url=https://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/nl/articles/1601/08/news159.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=ねとらぼ |language=ja}} After the change in policy, players choose and immediately acquire a desired character after spending 90,000 crystals (totaling 300 draws). + +==Other media== + +=== Animation === + +*''[[Granblue Fantasy The Animation]]'' (2017), an [[anime]] series adaption of the franchise. [[A-1 Pictures]] produced it in the Spring 2017 season. +*''Granblue Fantasy The Animation Season 2'' (2019),{{Citation|title=TVアニメ「GRANBLUE FANTASY The Animation Season 2」PV第1弾/2019年10月放送開始|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhpbIms1_hA|language=en|access-date=2019-11-05}} began airing in Japan in the Fall 2019 season. The voice cast of Season 2 remained mostly the same as Season 1, but the production staff were almost entirely different as the studio was changed to [[MAPPA (studio)|MAPPA]].{{Cite web|url=https://anime.granbluefantasy.jp/news/?article_id=51337|title=スタッフ情報・キャスト情報・放送情報公開！ |website=anime.granbluefantasy.jp |language=ja |access-date=2023-03-30}} +*''Grand Blues!'' (2020), an anime adaptation of the 4-panel comedy manga by Kikuhitomoji. DMM.futureworks produced it in the Fall 2020 season.{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-08-08/granblue-fantasy-game-guraburu-comedy-anime-spinoff-unveils-studio-october-tv-debut/.162734|title=Granblue Fantasy Game's Guraburu! Comedy Anime Spinoff Unveils Studio, October TV Debut|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=August 8, 2020|access-date=August 8, 2020 }} + +=== Video game === + +*''[[Granblue Fantasy Versus]]'', 2.5D animated console fighting video game series, developed by [[Arc System Works]] for the PlayStation 4 and 5, and PC via Steam. +** The first game of ''Granblue Fantasy Versus'' was announced at Granblue Fantasy Fes in December, 2018.{{Cite web|url=https://granbluefantasy.jp/pages/?p=22304|title=GRANBLUE FANTASY｜Cygames|website=granbluefantasy.jp|language=ja|access-date=2019-11-02}} It was first released on PlayStation 4 and later ported to PC via Steam. Versus initially planned to release in 2019, and the closed beta test was held from May 8 to May 24. The game was officially released on Feb 6, 2020, according to the latest announcement at "Granblue Summer Fes" in August.{{Cite web|url=https://granbluefantasy.jp/pages/?p=26215|title=GRANBLUE FANTASY｜Cygames|website=granbluefantasy.jp|language=ja|access-date=2019-11-02}} +** The sequel known as ''[[Granblue Fantasy Versus: Rising]]'' was announced at GBVS Cygames Cup Special in January 2023, and set to be released around the same year, which also adds PlayStation 5 port. In additions to returning contents from the first game, it features new playable characters, stages and storyline, updated graphics and gameplay systems, lobby avatar mini games, rollback netcode and crossplay.{{Cite web|url=https://rising.granbluefantasy.jp/|title=GRANBLUE FANTASY VERSUS: RISING｜Cygames|website=rising.granbluefantasy.jp|language=ja|access-date=2023-01-21}} +*''[[Granblue Fantasy: Relink]]'' (2023), an upcoming action role-playing game developed by Cygames Osaka (replacing the originally announced [[PlatinumGames]]). + +==Notes== +{{notelist}} + +==References== +{{reflist}} + +==External links== +* {{official website|http://granbluefantasy.jp/}} {{in lang|ja}} +* {{official website|http://granbluefantasy.jp/en/}} {{in lang|en}} + +{{Cygames}} + +[[Category:Granblue Fantasy| ]] +[[Category:2014 video games]] +[[Category:Action-adventure games]] +[[Category:Action video games]] +[[Category:Android (operating system) games]] +[[Category:Browser games]] +[[Category:Cygames franchises]] +[[Category:Fantasy video games]] +[[Category:Gacha games]] +[[Category:IOS games]] +[[Category:Japan-exclusive video games]] +[[Category:Japanese role-playing video games]] +[[Category:Mass media franchises]] +[[Category:Multiplayer video games]] +[[Category:Role-playing video games]] +[[Category:Science fantasy video games]] +[[Category:Science fiction video games]] +[[Category:Single-player video games]] +[[Category:Video games developed in Japan]] +[[Category:Video games about parallel universes]] +[[Category:Video games featuring female protagonists]] +[[Category:Video game franchises]] +[[Category:Video games scored by Nobuo Uematsu]] +[[Category:Video games set on fictional islands]] +[[Category:Video games adapted into television shows]] -- 2.30.2 From 5aaed4ba19f583acc18b567393648560f7811520 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Fri, 31 Mar 2023 16:57:21 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 11/16] update(en:Bob Breitenstein):Get current article state --- .../article.txt | 29 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt index 2107734..c10006f 100644 --- a/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt @@ -1,20 +1,21 @@ +{{Short description|Argentine gridiron football player (1943–2023)}} {{Infobox NFL biography | image = | caption = | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 3 | weight_lbs = 265 -| position = [[Tackle (gridiron football position)|Tackle]] / [[Guard (gridiron football)|Guard]] +| position = [[Tackle (gridiron football position)|Offensive tackle]],
[[Guard (gridiron football)|Guard]] | number = 76, 75, 65 -| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|5|8}} -| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires, Argentina]] -| death_date = +| birth_date = {{birth date|1943|5|8}} +| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] +| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|3|13|1943|5|8}} | death_place = | high_school = [[Farmington High School (New Mexico)|Farmington (NM)]] | college = [[Tulsa Golden Hurricane football|Tulsa]] | draftyear = 1965 | draftround = 2 -| draftpick = 21
(by the [[Washington Redskins]]){{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901003756/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=WAS&lg=NFL&yr=1965 |title=1965 Washington Redskins |website=databaseFootball.com |access-date=July 9, 2020}} +| draftpick = 21
(by the [[Washington Redskins]]){{cite web|url=http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=WAS&lg=NFL&yr=1965 |title=1965 Washington Redskins |website=databaseFootball.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901003756/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=WAS&lg=NFL&yr=1965 |access-date=July 9, 2020|archive-date=2006-09-01 }} | afldraftyear = 1965 | afldraftround = [[1965 American Football League draft#Round five|5]] | afldraftpick = 33
([[Denver Broncos]]){{cite web|url=http://www.remembertheafl.com/1965AFLDraft.html |title=American Football League Draft - 1965 |website=remembertheafl.com |access-date=July 9, 2020}} @@ -25,19 +26,20 @@ * [[Atlanta Falcons]] ({{NFL Year|1969}}–{{NFL Year|1970}}) | highlights = * 2× [[Missouri Valley Conference|All-MVC]] (1963, 1964) -* Honorable-mention [[All-American]] ([[1964 College Football All-America Team|1964]]) | statlabel1 = Games played | statvalue1 = 58 +| statlabel2 = Games started +| statvalue2 = 40 | nflnew = bobbreitenstein/2510136 | pfr = BreiBo20 }} -'''Robert Corr Breitenstein''' (born May 8, 1943) is a former a professional [[American football]] player in the [[American Football League]] and [[National Football League]] for the [[Denver Broncos]], [[Minnesota Vikings]], and [[Atlanta Falcons]]. He played [[college football]] at the [[University of Tulsa]]. He is distinguished as being the first [[Argentine]] to play in the [[National Football League]]. +'''Robert Corr Breitenstein''' (May 8, 1943 – March 13, 2023) was a professional [[American football]] player in the [[American Football League]] and [[National Football League]] for the [[Denver Broncos]], [[Minnesota Vikings]], and [[Atlanta Falcons]]. He played [[college football]] at the [[University of Tulsa]]. He is distinguished as being the first [[Argentine]] to play in the [[National Football League]]. ==Early years== Breitenstein attended [[Farmington High School (New Mexico)|Farmington High School]], where he was a teammate of future [[NFL]] player [[Ralph Neely]]. -He accepted a scholarship from the [[University of Tulsa]] and was a part of the team that defeated [[1964 Ole Miss Rebels football team|Ole Miss]], 14-7 in the [[1964 Bluebonnet Bowl]]. +Breitenstein accepted a scholarship from the [[University of Tulsa]] and was a part of the team that defeated [[1964 Ole Miss Rebels football team|Ole Miss]], 14-7 in the [[1964 Bluebonnet Bowl]]. In 1994, he was inducted into the [[University of Tulsa]] Athletic Hall of Fame. @@ -54,11 +56,13 @@ On October 4, 1967, he was activated from the [[taxi squad]] and played in 11 ga In 1968, he was declared inactive in 9 games. He was waived on September 16, 1969. ===Atlanta Falcons=== -In 1969, he signed with the [[Atlanta Falcons]] and played in 10 games. In 1970, after playing in 7 games, he was lost for the year with a knee injury. An automobile accident 9 days before the 1971 [[Training camp (National Football League)|training camp]] complicated the injury and was not able to recover. He was released on August 23. +In 1969, he signed with the [[Atlanta Falcons]] and played in 10 games. In 1970, after playing in 7 games, he was lost for the year with a knee injury. An automobile accident 9 days before the 1971 [[Training camp (National Football League)|training camp]] complicated the injury and he was not able to recover. He was released on August 23. -==Personal information== +==Personal life and death== After football, he owned and operated an insurance agency. He was a vice president of the [[National Football League Players Association ]] for the state of Oklahoma. He appeared in the movie ''[[Brian's Song]]'', when the director used actual footage, showing him helping cart [[running back]] [[Gale Sayers]] off on a stretcher. +Breitenstein died on March 13, 2023, at the age of 79.[https://tulsahurricane.com/news/2023/3/16/football-tu-mourns-loss-of-golden-hurricane-hall-of-famer-bob-breitenstein TU Mourns Loss of Golden Hurricane Hall of Famer Bob Breitenstein] + ==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= @@ -66,7 +70,7 @@ After football, he owned and operated an insurance agency. He was a vice preside | url = https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/bill-connors/article_d12daf39-b455-584a-a047-1c28921e3479.html | title = Bill Connors | publisher = Tulsa World -| accessdate = April 17, 2016 +| access-date = April 17, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128065446/https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/bill-connors/article_d12daf39-b455-584a-a047-1c28921e3479.html | archive-date = November 28, 2018 | url-status = live @@ -165,7 +169,7 @@ After football, he owned and operated an insurance agency. He was a vice preside {{DEFAULTSORT:Breitenstein, Bob}} [[Category:1943 births]] -[[Category:Living people]] +[[Category:2023 deaths]] [[Category:American football offensive linemen]] [[Category:Denver Broncos (AFL) players]] [[Category:Minnesota Vikings players]] @@ -173,4 +177,5 @@ After football, he owned and operated an insurance agency. He was a vice preside [[Category:Atlanta Falcons players]] [[Category:Tulsa Golden Hurricane football players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Buenos Aires]] +[[Category:Argentine emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Argentine players of American football]] -- 2.30.2 From cb0772231ab2d84ba1200415dbb0a8923f4daa45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Fri, 31 Mar 2023 17:27:05 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 12/16] update(en/Bob Breitenstein):Update refrence formatting --- .../article.txt | 181 +++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 108 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-) diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt index c10006f..862018e 100644 --- a/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ {{Short description|Argentine gridiron football player (1943–2023)}} +{{use mdy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox NFL biography | image = | caption = @@ -15,10 +16,10 @@ | college = [[Tulsa Golden Hurricane football|Tulsa]] | draftyear = 1965 | draftround = 2 -| draftpick = 21
(by the [[Washington Redskins]]){{cite web|url=http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=WAS&lg=NFL&yr=1965 |title=1965 Washington Redskins |website=databaseFootball.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901003756/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=WAS&lg=NFL&yr=1965 |access-date=July 9, 2020|archive-date=2006-09-01 }} +| draftpick = 21
(by the [[Washington Redskins]]) | afldraftyear = 1965 | afldraftround = [[1965 American Football League draft#Round five|5]] -| afldraftpick = 33
([[Denver Broncos]]){{cite web|url=http://www.remembertheafl.com/1965AFLDraft.html |title=American Football League Draft - 1965 |website=remembertheafl.com |access-date=July 9, 2020}} +| afldraftpick = 33
([[Denver Broncos]]) | pastteams = * [[Denver Broncos]] ([[1965 AFL season|1965]]–[[1967 AFL season|1967]]) * [[Minnesota Vikings]] ({{NFL Year|1967}}) @@ -61,102 +62,136 @@ In 1969, he signed with the [[Atlanta Falcons]] and played in 10 games. In 1970, ==Personal life and death== After football, he owned and operated an insurance agency. He was a vice president of the [[National Football League Players Association ]] for the state of Oklahoma. He appeared in the movie ''[[Brian's Song]]'', when the director used actual footage, showing him helping cart [[running back]] [[Gale Sayers]] off on a stretcher. -Breitenstein died on March 13, 2023, at the age of 79.[https://tulsahurricane.com/news/2023/3/16/football-tu-mourns-loss-of-golden-hurricane-hall-of-famer-bob-breitenstein TU Mourns Loss of Golden Hurricane Hall of Famer Bob Breitenstein] +Breitenstein died on March 13, 2023, at the age of 79. ==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= -{{cite web -| url = https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/bill-connors/article_d12daf39-b455-584a-a047-1c28921e3479.html -| title = Bill Connors -| publisher = Tulsa World -| access-date = April 17, 2016 -| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128065446/https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/bill-connors/article_d12daf39-b455-584a-a047-1c28921e3479.html -| archive-date = November 28, 2018 -| url-status = live -}} +{{cite web + |url = https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20214516/ + |title = Transactions + |work = [[The Arizona Republic]] + |date = October 20, 1968 + |access-date = April 17, 2016 +}} {{subscription required|s}} -{{cite news -| author = -| title = 'Skins Lose First Two Choices -| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19650109&id=VWQwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mWwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1347,1337238&hl=es -| work = [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] -| agency = Associated Press -| date = January 9, 1963 -| access-date = April 17, 2016 +{{cite web + |url = http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=WAS&lg=NFL&yr=1965 + |title = 1965 Washington Redskins + |website = databaseFootball.com + |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901003756/http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=WAS&lg=NFL&yr=1965 + |access-date = July 9, 2020 + |archive-date = September 1, 2006 + }} + +{{cite web + |author = + |title = Vikings Drop Two, Add One + |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19680806&id=pkBQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=e1cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4724,1174017&hl=es + |date = August 6, 1968 + |work = [[Evening Independent|The Evening Independent]] + |access-date = April 17, 2016 }} {{cite web -| author = -| title = Breitenstein Wants Out Of Contract -| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19650317&id=a8pNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MooDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6168,5849731&hl=es -| date = March 17, 1965 -| work = [[The Free Lance-Star]] -| access-date = November 28, 2018 + |author = + |title = Breitenstein Wants Out Of Contract + |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19650317&id=a8pNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MooDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6168,5849731&hl=es + |date = March 17, 1965 + |work = [[The Free Lance-Star]] + |access-date = November 28, 2018 }} {{cite web -| last = Rathet -| first = Mike -| title = Camp-Walking Makes Denver Coach Happy -| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19650827&id=x_5NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z4sDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4142,3117444&hl=es -| date = August 27, 1965 -| work = [[The Free Lance-Star]] -| agency = Associated Press -| access-date = April 17, 2016 + |last = Rathet + |first = Mike + |title = Camp-Walking Makes Denver Coach Happy + |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19650827&id=x_5NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z4sDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4142,3117444&hl=es + |date = August 27, 1965 + |work = [[The Free Lance-Star]] + |agency = Associated Press + |access-date = April 17, 2016 }} -{{cite web -| author = -| title = Vikings Drop Two, Add One -| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19680806&id=pkBQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=e1cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4724,1174017&hl=es -| date = August 6, 1968 -| work = [[Evening Independent|The Evening Independent]] -| access-date = April 17, 2016 +{{cite web + |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19710824&id=lV8sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XM0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2823,4140686&hl=es + |title = Falcons Trim Roster By 4; Small, Snyder Rejoin Team + |date = August 24, 1971 + |work = [[Spartanburg Herald-Journal|Herald-Journal]] + |access-date = April 17, 2016 }} -{{cite web -| url = https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20214516/ -| title = Transactions -| work = [[The Arizona Republic]] -| date = October 20, 1968 -| access-date = April 17, 2016 -}} {{subscription required|s}} +{{cite news + |author = + |title = 'Skins Lose First Two Choices + |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19650109&id=VWQwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mWwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1347,1337238&hl=es + |work = [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] + |agency = Associated Press + |date = January 9, 1963 + |access-date = April 17, 2016 +}} {{cite web -| title = Some Veterans Players Go -| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2512&dat=19690917&id=wbNYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GwANAAAAIBAJ&pg=2758,2319036&hl=es -| date = September 17, 1969 -| work = [[Record-Journal|The Morning Record]] -| access-date = April 17, 2016 + |title = Some Veterans Players Go + |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2512&dat=19690917&id=wbNYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GwANAAAAIBAJ&pg=2758,2319036&hl=es + |date = September 17, 1969 + |work = [[Record-Journal|The Morning Record]] + |access-date = April 17, 2016 }} {{cite web -| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19701104&id=uc4VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KhEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4610,592827&hl=es -| title = Falcons Lose Vet Tackle -| date = November 4, 1970 -| work = The Milwaukee Sentinel -| access-date = April 17, 2016 + |url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19701104&id=uc4VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KhEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4610,592827&hl=es + |title = Falcons Lose Vet Tackle + |date = November 4, 1970 + |work = The Milwaukee Sentinel + |access-date = April 17, 2016 }} -{{cite web -| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19710824&id=lV8sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XM0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2823,4140686&hl=es -| title = Falcons Trim Roster By 4; Small, Snyder Rejoin Team -| date = August 24, 1971 -| work = [[Spartanburg Herald-Journal|Herald-Journal]] -| access-date = April 17, 2016 +{{cite web + |last = Phillips + |first = Robert + |year = 2004 + |title = American Football League Draft - 1965 + |url = http://www.remembertheafl.com/1965AFLDraft.html + |website = remembertheafl.com + |access-date = July 9, 2020 + |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081224112426/http://www.remembertheafl.com/1965AFLDraft.html + |archive-date = December 24, 2008 + |url-status = live + }} + +{{cite web + | title = TU Mourns Loss of Golden Hurricane Hall of Famer Bob Breitenstein + | date = March 16, 2023 + | location = Tulsa, Oklahoma + | website = tulsahurricane.com + | url = https://tulsahurricane.com/news/2023/3/16/football-tu-mourns-loss-of-golden-hurricane-hall-of-famer-bob-breitenstein + | access-date = March 31, 2023 + | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230330212130/https://tulsahurricane.com/news/2023/3/16/football-tu-mourns-loss-of-golden-hurricane-hall-of-famer-bob-breitenstein + | archive-date = March 30, 2023 + | url-status = live + + +{{cite web + |url = https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/bill-connors/article_d12daf39-b455-584a-a047-1c28921e3479.html + |title = Bill Connors + |publisher = Tulsa World + |access-date = April 17, 2016 + |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128065446/https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/bill-connors/article_d12daf39-b455-584a-a047-1c28921e3479.html + |archive-date = November 28, 2018 + |url-status = live }} {{cite web -| last = O'Kane -| first = Dan -| url = https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/breitenstein-s-induction-set/article_8f5cceee-3572-5f16-90f4-9d23323760f3.html -| title = Breitenstein's Induction Set -| work = [[Tulsa World]] -| access-date = April 17, 2016 -| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128081821/https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/breitenstein-s-induction-set/article_8f5cceee-3572-5f16-90f4-9d23323760f3.html -| archive-date = November 28, 2018 -| url-status = live + |last = O'Kane + |first = Dan + |url = https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/breitenstein-s-induction-set/article_8f5cceee-3572-5f16-90f4-9d23323760f3.html + |title = Breitenstein's Induction Set + |work = [[Tulsa World]] + |access-date = April 17, 2016 + |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128081821/https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/breitenstein-s-induction-set/article_8f5cceee-3572-5f16-90f4-9d23323760f3.html + |archive-date = November 28, 2018 + |url-status = live }} }} -- 2.30.2 From f7a850dc73763a5a42aa1b9103c6d844bdc9727a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Fri, 31 Mar 2023 17:31:01 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 13/16] fix(en:Bob Breitenstein):Fix broken {{cite web}} template --- .../Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt index 862018e..2d30205 100644 --- a/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Bob_Breitenstein_(offensive_lineman)/article.txt @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ Breitenstein died on March 13, 2023, at the age of 79.{{cite web |url = https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/bill-connors/article_d12daf39-b455-584a-a047-1c28921e3479.html -- 2.30.2 From 0622c9809b7f6c201fbeec1e5c7876d1ccb188b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Sun, 9 Apr 2023 17:36:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 14/16] feat(en:Soul Cake):Add missing url to fix broken ref - Note: Hunted down this dead blog post: https://web.archive.org/web/20141029172021/http://standrews-pcusa.org/is-halloween-a-christian-event/ --- en.wikipedia.org/Soul_cake/article.txt | 181 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 181 insertions(+) create mode 100644 en.wikipedia.org/Soul_cake/article.txt diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Soul_cake/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Soul_cake/article.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31e428f --- /dev/null +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Soul_cake/article.txt @@ -0,0 +1,181 @@ +{{Short description|Religious cake to commemorate the dead}} +{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} +[[File:Soul cakes.jpg|thumb|Soul cakes eaten during Halloween, All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day]] +A '''soul cake''', also known as a '''soulmass-cake''', is a small round [[cake]] (though they more resemble in appearance and texture a [[shortbread]] biscuit, with sweet spices) which is traditionally made for [[Halloween]], [[All Saints' Day]] and [[All Souls' Day]] to commemorate the dead in many Christian traditions.{{cite book|last=Simoons|first=Frederick J.|title=Plants of Life, Plants of Death|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|year=1998|isbn=0-299-15904-3}} The cakes, often simply referred to as souls, are given out to soulers (mainly consisting of children and the poor) who go from door to door during the days of [[Allhallowtide]] singing and saying [[Christian prayer|prayers]] "for the souls of the givers and their friends", especially the souls of deceased relatives, thought to be in [[Purgatory]].Cleene, Marcel. ''Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe''. Man & Culture, 2002. p. 108. Quote: "Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice". The practice in England dates to the medieval period,{{cite book|last=Carmichael|first=Sherman|title=Legends and Lore of South Carolina|year=2012|publisher=[[The History Press]]|language=en |isbn=9781609497484|page=70|quote=The practice of dressing up and going door to door for treats dates back to the middle ages and the practice of souling.}} and was continued there until the 1930s.{{cite book|last=Hood|first=Karen Jean Matsko|title=Halloween Delights|date=1 January 2014|publisher=Whispering Pine Press International|language=en |isbn=9781594341816|page=33|quote=The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door "souling" for cakes or money by singing a song.}}{{cite book|last=Mosteller|first=Angie |title=Christian Origins of Halloween |date=2 July 2014|publisher=Rose Publishing |language=en |isbn=978-1596365353|quote=In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months.}}{{cite book|title=St. Nicholas Magazine|editor=Mary Mapes Dodge|editor-link=Mary Mapes Dodge|year=1883|publisher=Scribner & Company|language=en |page=93|quote="Soul-cakes," which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: "Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!"|title-link=St. Nicholas Magazine}} In [[Sheffield]] and [[Cheshire]], the custom has continued into modern times. In [[Lancashire]] and in the [[North East England|North-east]] of England soul cakes were known as Harcakes, a kind of thin [[Parkin (cake)|parkin]].{{cite book |last=Ditchfield |first=Peter Hampson |author-link=Peter Ditchfield |title=Old English Customs Extant at the Present Time |year=1896 |pages=165–166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHVbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA166}} + +The practice of giving and eating soul cakes continues in some countries today, such as [[Portugal]] (where it is known as [[Pão-por-Deus]] and occurs on [[All Saints' Day]] and [[All Souls' Day]]), as well as the [[Philippines]] (where it is known as Pangangaluwa and occurs on All Hallows' Eve).{{cite book|author= Paul Fieldhouse|title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions|date=17 April 2017|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|page=256}}{{cite book|author= Por Joaquim de Santa Rosa de Viterbó|title=Elucidario Das Palavras, Termos E Frases, que Em Portugal Antigamente Se Usaram|date=1865|publisher=A. J. Fernandes Lopes|page=[https://archive.org/details/elucidariodaspa00vitegoog/page/n642 265]|url=https://archive.org/details/elucidariodaspa00vitegoog|quote= dia dos fieis defuntos.}} In other countries, souling is seen as the origin of the practice of [[trick-or-treat]]ing.{{cite book|last=Kullstroem|first=Chris|title=Making a Monstrous Halloween: Themed Parties, Activities and Events|url=https://archive.org/details/makingmonstroush00kull|url-access=limited|date=27 May 2009|publisher=McFarland|language=en |isbn=9780786444380|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmonstroush00kull/page/n93 85]|quote=The Halloween tradition of trick-or-treating started as a European Christian custom called souling.}} In the [[United States]], some churches, during [[Allhallowtide]], have invited people to come receive sweets from them and have offered to "pray for the souls of their friends, relatives or even pets" as they do so.{{cite web |title=Is Halloween a Christian event? |last=Nevares |first=Diana |date=29 October 2014 |url=http://standrews-pcusa.org/is-halloween-a-christian-event/ |publisher=St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029172021/http://standrews-pcusa.org/is-halloween-a-christian-event/ |archive-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead |quote=This Allhallowtide at St. Andrew’s, we are experimenting with a reverse of the "souling" tradition. As children in the Gregory Gardens neighborhood come to St. Andrew’s collect candy, we are offering to pray for the souls of their friends, relatives or even pets. On Sunday, when we celebrate All Saint’s Day we will include these prayers and remembrances along with the names of the saints who have passed away in the last year.}} Among [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] and [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], some parishioners have their soul cakes [[Blessing#Christianity|blessed]] by a priest before being distributed; in exchange, the children promise to pray for the souls of the deceased relatives of the giver during the month of November, which is a month dedicated especially to praying for the [[Holy Souls]]. Any leftover soul cakes are shared among the distributing family or [[Alms#Christianity|given to the poor]]. + +==History== +The term "Soal Cakes" is a corruption of the phrase "Wassail Cakes", for the Wassail/Christmas season.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} The tradition of giving soul cakes was celebrated in [[Great Britain|Britain]] and [[Ireland]] during the [[Middle Ages]],{{cite book |first =Nicholas |last =Rogers |title =Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night |url =https://archive.org/details/halloweenfrompag00roge |url-access =limited |publisher =Oxford University Press |year =2002 |pages =[https://archive.org/details/halloweenfrompag00roge/page/n37 28]–30 |isbn =0-19-514691-3}} although similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south as Italy.{{cite book |last=Castella |first=Krystina |title=A World of Cakes: 150 Recipes for Sweet Traditions from Cultures Near and Far |year=2010 |publisher=Storey Publishing |isbn=978-1-60342-576-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldofcake150re0000cast/page/76 76] |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcake150re0000cast/page/76 }} + +The cakes are usually filled with [[allspice]], [[nutmeg]], [[cinnamon]], [[ginger]] or other sweet spices, [[raisins]] or [[Zante currant|currant]]s, and before baking are topped with the mark of a cross to signify that these were [[alms]]. They were traditionally set out with glasses of wine, an offering for the dead as in early Christian tradition,[https://books.google.com/books?id=4D7XAAAAMAAJ&q=wine+ Eason, Cassandra (1997) The Mammoth Book of Ancient Wisdom. Robinson] and either on All Hallows' Eve (Halloween),[https://books.google.com/books?id=gR9KAQAAMAAJ&q=penn Publications, Volume 106. W. Glaisher, Limited, 1940] [[All Saints' Day]] or [[All Souls' Day]], children would go "souling",{{cite book|last=Bogle|first=Joanna |title=A Book of Feasts and Seasons|publisher=Gracewing Publishing|year=1993|pages=193|isbn=0-85244-217-3}} or ritually begging for cakes door to door. + +==Souling== +[[File:Souling on Halloween.png|thumb|Souling was a Christian practice carried out in many English towns on [[Halloween]] and [[Christmas]].]] +Souling is a Christian practice carried out during [[Allhallowtide]] and [[Christmastide]], with origins in the [[medieval era]]. The custom was popular in England and is still practised to a minor extent in [[Sheffield]] and parts of [[Cheshire]] during Allhallowtide. The custom was also popular in [[Wales]] and has counterparts in [[Portugal]] and the [[Philippines]] (a former Spanish colony) that are practiced to this day. + +According to Morton (2013), Souling was once performed throughout the British Isles and the earliest activity was reported in 1511,Morton, Lisa (2013) Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween.Reaktion Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=h6vDoVs5aioC&q=caking] and Shakespeare mentioned "pulling like a beggar at [[All Saints' Day|Hallowmas]]" in ''[[The Two Gentlemen of Verona]]'' (1593).{{Cite book|title=Cheshire Sheaf 3S:1|year=1896|pages=104–105}} However, by the end of the 19th century, the extent of the practice during [[Allhallowtide]] was limited to parts of England and Wales. + +===England=== +Souling is an [[English festivals|English festival]]. According to Gregory (2010), Souling involved a group of people visiting local farms and cottages. The merrymakers would sing a "traditional request for apples, ale, and soul cakes."Gregory, David (2010) The Late Victorian Folksong Revival: The Persistence of English Melody, 1878-1903 Scarecrow Press [https://books.google.com/books?id=xMoCmsn4UGYC&dq=souling+oswestry&pg=PA107] The songs were traditionally known as Souler's songs and were sung in a lamenting tone during the 1800s.Fleische (1826) An Appendix to His Dramatic Works. Contents: the Life of the Author by Aus. Skottowe, His Miscellaneous Poems; a Critical Glossary, Comp. After Mares, Drake, Ayscough, Hazlitt, Douce and Others [https://books.google.com/books?id=xZhLAAAAcAAJ&dq=har+cakes+souling&pg=PA129] Sometimes adult soulers would use a musical instrument, such as a [[concertina]]. In 1899, a version was sung by boys in [[Harrogate]], Yorkshire, who were "running beside carriage, begging".{{Cite web|title=The Roads is Very Dirty (Roud Folksong Index S395069)|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S395069|access-date=2020-10-04|website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|language=en-gb}} + +Rogers (2003) believes Souling was traditionally practised in the North and West of England, in the counties of [[Yorkshire]], [[Lancashire]], [[Cheshire]], [[Staffordshire]], the [[Peak District]] area of [[Derbyshire]], [[Somerset]] and [[Herefordshire]].Rogers, Nicholas (2003) Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&dq=souling+mobile+jack+o+lantern&pg=PA29] Palmer (1976) states that Souling took place on All Saints day in [[Warwickshire]].Palmer, Roy (1976) The folklore of Warwickshire, Volume 1976, Part 2 Batsford [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv3ZAAAAMAAJ&q=souling+] However, Hutton (2001) believes Souling took place in [[Hertfordshire]].Hutton, Ronald (2001) Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. OUP Oxford [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb0CmbFokF4C&dq=souling+sheffield&pg=PT585] + +The custom of Souling ceased relatively early in Warwickshire but the dole instituted by John Collet in [[Solihull]] (now within [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]) in 1565 was still being distributed in 1826 on All Souls day. The announcement for collection was made by ringing church bells.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gf4-AQAAIAAJ&q=relatively+ v (2007) Dugdale Society] Further, soul-cakes were still made in Warwickshire (and other parts of Yorkshire) even though no one visited for them. + +According to Brown (1992) Souling was performed in Birmingham and parts of the West Midlands;Brown, Richard (1992)The Folklore, Superstitions and Legends of Birmingham and the West Midlands. Westwood Press Publications [https://books.google.com/books?id=I_DZAAAAMAAJ&q=souling+birmingham] and according to Raven (1965) the tradition was also kept in parts of the [[Black Country]].Raven, Michael (1965)Folklore and Songs of the Black Country, Volume 1. Wolverhampton Folk Song Club [https://books.google.com/books?id=It3ZAAAAMAAJ&q=souling] The prevalence of Souling was so localised in some parts of Staffordshire that it was observed in [[Penn, West Midlands|Penn]] but not in [[Bilston]], both localities now in modern [[Wolverhampton]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=O7y5AAAAIAAJ&q=souling+bilston++I+have+not+marked+Bilston+as+a+%E2%80%9C+souling+%E2%80%9D+locality+on+the+map,+because+Mr.+Lawley,+who+was+only+a+schoolboy+at+the+time Folklore, Volume 25 (1969)]Publications, Volume 106. W. Glaisher, Limited, 1940.[https://books.google.com/books?id=gR9KAQAAMAAJ&q=penn] The tradition was noted in 1892 to be held in Penn which is now in Wolverhampton, West Midlands. In Staffordshire, the "custom of Souling was kept on [[Halloween|All Saints' Eve]]" (halloween). + +Similarly in Shropshire, during the late 19th century, "there was set upon the board at All Hallows Eve a high heap of Soul-cakes" for visitors to take.Walsh, William Shepard (1898) Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities. Gale Research Company [https://books.google.com/books?id=2PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=souling+cakes+shropshire+hallows] The songs sung by people in [[Oswestry]] (Shropshire), which borders Wales, contained some Welsh.The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, Volume 62 (1886) J. W. Parker and Son [https://books.google.com/books?id=MY8_AQAAIAAJ&q=souling+shropshire++children] + +====Traditions==== +The customs associated with Souling during [[Allhallowtide]] include or included consuming and/or distributing soul cakes, singing, carrying lanterns, dressing in disguise, bonfires, playing divination games, carrying a horse's head and performing plays.Harrowven, Jean, (1979) The Origins of Rhymes, Songs and Sayings. Kaye & Ward [https://books.google.com/books?id=pMvXAAAAMAAJ&q=%27Soul+cake%27+] + +====Cakes==== +[[File:Soul cakes for Samhain! (5159453650).jpg|thumb|150px|left|Soul cakes]] +Soul cakes formed a key part of the Souling traditions. In Staffordshire, the cakes were also called Soul-mass or "somas" cakes. In East Yorkshire, "somas loaves" were traditionally distributed.Morton, Lisa (2003)The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland [https://archive.org/details/halloweenencyclo00mort_0 ] In some counties, the Soul-mass cake was "made on All Souls' Day, November 2nd, and always in a triangular shape".[https://books.google.com/books?id=xXdHAQAAMAAJ&q=soulmass+cakes Country Life, Volume 36 (1914)] Soul-mass cakes were often kept for good luck with one lady in Whitby being reported in the 1860s having a soul-mass loaf one hundred years old.Notes and Queries +(1869) Oxford University Press [https://books.google.com/books?id=F0sAAAAAYAAJ&dq=soulmass+cakes&pg=PA602] According to Atkinson (1868), soul-mass loaves "were sets of square farthing cakes with currants in the centre, commonly given by bakers to their customers".Atkinson, J. Christopher (1868) A Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect: Explanatory, Derivative, and Critical [https://archive.org/details/aglossaryclevel01atkigoog/page/n491 ] Sometimes, oat cakes were given in Lancashire and Herefordshire.Viereck, Wolfgang (2005) Selected Writings: History of science, English surnames, American English, languages in contact, language and school, [[Atlas Linguarum Europae]][https://books.google.com/books?id=EVUdAQAAIAAJ&q=soulmass+cakes] In Warwickshire, during the 1840s, it was traditional to consume seed cakes during Halloween which coincided with "the end of the wheat seed-time".Brand. J. (1841) +Popular Antiquities, Volume 1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=WJM9AAAAcAAJ&dq=soul+cakes+warwickshire&pg=PA217] +{{clear}} + +=====Lanterns and disguise===== +[[File:TurnipJackolantern.jpg|thumb|170px|right|Turnip lantern]] +The traditions associated with Souling included Soulers visiting houses with "hollowed-out turnip lanterns" with a candle inside which represented a soul trapped in purgatory. Smith (1989) notes that in parts of Yorkshire, "children still appear on door steps with turnip lanterns and disguised as witches, ghosts and skeletons".Smith, Julia (1989) Fairs, feasts and frolics: customs and traditions in Yorkshire. Smith Settle [https://books.google.com/books?id=zDHYAAAAMAAJ&q=lanterns] In Northern England, people sometimes went souling in disguise wearing long black cloaks.[https://books.google.com/books?id=b5oJAQAAMAAJ&q=cloaks English Folk Dance and Song Society (1932) Journal, Volumes 1-3] At times, children went out Souling in disguise.[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwHaAAAAMAAJ&q=souling+disguise+children Lore and Language, Volume 3, Issues 6-10. 1982][https://books.google.com/books?id=EhV2gzNgj9oC&q=souling+disguise+children Ashton, Kate (2005) Mother and Child. M Q Publication] According to the Folk-lore Society publication of 1940, children went Souling in costume.[https://books.google.com/books?id=dZ1LAQAAMAAJ&q=souling+costumes Publications of the Folk-lore Society, Volume 106 1940] Such masquerading in costume was either a tribute to saints[https://books.google.com/books?id=hsYUAQAAIAAJ&q=souling+masquerading Kirk, Connie Ann (2006) The J.K. Rowling Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press] or imitated spirits.[https://books.google.com/books?id=RTorAQAAMAAJ&q=souling+masquerading Exclusively Yours, Volume 53 (1999) Patten Company] + +=====Bonfires and candles===== +[[File:Large bonfire02.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Bonfire]] +Bonfires were also lit on Halloween and during Hallowtide which Roud (2008) suggests may be related to the Purgation of souls by holy fire.[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ND2SpImki0C&dq=souling+fires&pg=PT686 Roud, Steve (2008) The English Year. Penguin UK] Fires known as Tindle fires were made by children on All Souls night in Derbyshire.The reliquary: depository for precious relics, legendary, biographical, and historical, Volume 7 (1867) [https://books.google.com/books?id=DbhSAAAAcAAJ&dq=tindle+fires+derbyshire&pg=PA71] In Lancashire, bonfires were lit on Halloween which were known as Teanlay fires which were lit on many hills to observe the fast (feast) of All Souls and the night was called Teanlay Night[https://books.google.com/books?id=SelRDwAAQBAJ&dq=teanlay+fires&pg=PA38 Wilkinson, John and Harland T.T. (2018) (reprint) Lancashire Folk-Lore][https://books.google.com/books?id=mK9OAQAAMAAJ&q=Fast+%28qu.+Feast%29+ Pickering, W (1879) Archaeologia Cambrensis] (after which the Teanlowe Shopping Centre is named in Poulton-le-Fylde).Storey, Christine (2012) Poulton-le-Fylde Through Time. Amberley Publishing Limited [https://books.google.com/books?id=-oOIAwAAQBAJ&dq=teanlay+poulton&pg=PT25] + +According to Hardwick (1872), the burning of fires on Halloween may also be related to earlier practices.Hardiwck, Charles (1872)Traditions, Superstitions, and Folklore, (chiefly Lancashire and the North of England:) Their Affinity to Others in Widely-distributed Localities; Their Eastern Origin and Mythical Significance. A Ireland. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kMTYAAAAMAAJ&dq=lancashire+teanla&pg=PA31] In the English countryside, people lit bonfires to ward off evil spirits.Clifton D. Bryant, Dennis L. Peck (2009) Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience. SAGE Publications [https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zt2AwAAQBAJ&dq=souling+bonfires&pg=RA1-PA549] Glassie (1969) believes that fires on Halloween were lit into modern times in the Celtic areas of "northern and westernmost counties of England".Glassie, Henry, H III. Keystone Folklore Quarterly, Volume 14 Lycoming College (1969) [https://books.google.com/books?id=_rLYAAAAMAAJ&q=halloween+&pg=PA125] During the 1850s, in [[Carleton, Lancashire]], fires were lit to "defend the corn from [[Lolium temulentum|darnel]]".Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Volume 4 (1852) [https://archive.org/details/transactionshis26chesgoog/page/n126 ] + +As an alternative to bonfires, in Lancashire, candles were carried between 11 pm and midnight on Halloween in a procession up the hills in a custom known as 'lating the witches'. If the candles continuously burnt then the witches' powers would not affect the candle holder as "it was firmly believed in Lancashire that the witches assembled on this night at their general rendezvous in the Forest of Pendle"[https://books.google.com/books?id=_Zs9AAAAYAAJ&dq=lating+witches&pg=PA211 Lancashire Folk-lore (1867)] which relates to the 17th century [[Pendle witches]]. East of Pendle, candles were lit in every window an hour before midnight; if the candle burnt out before midnight, it was believed evil would follow.Lofthouse, Jessica (1976) North-country Folklore in Lancashire, Cumbria and the Pennine Dales. Hale [https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHaAAAAMAAJ&q=leeting] According to Frazer (1935) at [[Longridge Fell]], during the early part of the 19th century, "parties went from house to house in the evening collecting candles, one for each inmate, and offering their services to late or leet the witches".[https://books.google.com/books?id=q3qAeIoxtAYC&dq=lancashire+witches+hallowe%27en&pg=PT294 Fazer, J.G. (1935) Balder the Beautiful. Library of Alexandria] Hampson (1841) notes that the words 'lating' and 'leeting' are derived from the Saxon word 'leoht' meaning light.Hampson, Robert Thomas (1841) Medii Aevi Kalendarium: Or, Dates, Charters, and Customs of the Middle Ages : with Kalendars from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century, and an Alphabetical Digest of Obsolete Names of Days, Forming a Glossary of the Dates of the Middle Ages, with Tables and Other Aids for Ascertaining Dates. AMPS Press [https://archive.org/details/mediiaevikalend02hampgoog/page/n371 ] + +=====Divination games===== +[[File:Apple-bobbing at Ditherington Hallowe'en party (1498882).jpg|thumb|Apple-bobbing at [[Ditherington]] Hallowe'en party (1950)]] +[[File:Apple bobbing.jpg|thumb|left|Apple bobbing]] +Glassie (1969) suggests that long after 1 November was dedicated to All Saints' day, a Christian festival, people still continued to practice older pagan beliefs, such as playing divination games on All Saints' evening. The Chambers's Encyclopædia (1871) states that on Halloween in England, "it was long customary to crack nuts, duck for apples in a tub of water, and perform other harmless fireside revelries".Chambers's Encyclopædia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People, Volume 5 (1871) J.B. Lippincott & Company [https://books.google.com/books?id=VBQiAQAAIAAJ&dq=chambers+encyclopaedia+halloween+harmless+fireside&pg=PA204] According to Green (1859), "in some parts of England, the Souling Customs have nuts connected with them, and All Souls' Eve is then named, Nut-crack Night".Green, Henry (1859) Knutsford, Its Traditions and History: With Reminiscences, Anecdotes, and Notices of the Neighbourhood. Smith, Elder, & Company, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7kOgAAAAMAAJ&dq=souling+customs+nuts&pg=PA82] Such games were also played on Halloween leading to Halloween being known as nut-crack night in the north of England.Hall, Anna Maria Fielding (1846) Sharpe's London Magazine of Entertainment and Instruction, for General Reading, Volume 2 T.B. Sharpe [https://books.google.com/books?id=QWhPAQAAMAAJ&dq=nut+crack+night+north+england&pg=PA409] + +Another game involved the use of apples and in some parts of England, Halloween was known as Snap-Apple Night.[https://books.google.com/books?id=FWwVAAAAIAAJ&q=snap+apple+night++england Grade Teacher, Volume 63 (1945)] In Staffordshire, one form of the game involved suspending a string from the ceiling, and attaching an apple at the end. The apple was then swung in a pendulum motion. The players would need to bite the apple with their hands behind their backs.Hackwood, Frederick William (1974) Staffordshire customs, superstitions & folklore. EP Publishing [https://books.google.com/books?id=0_vZAAAAMAAJ&q=string+ceiling] At [[Knowle, West Midlands|Knowle]] near [[Solihull]], the winner of a game of apple bobbing peeled the apple and "threw the parings over her shoulder. The shape of the peel on the ground could indicate the initials of a future spouse". [[Apple bobbing]] is still played on Halloween. According to Green (1980), "apples turn up in Hallowe'en games as an indication of immortality for you are trying to seize the magic fruit from under water, or from a string hung from the ceiling, as if you were snatching a fragment of life from the darkness".[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV6BAAAAMAAJ&q=hallowe%27en Green, Marian (1980) A Harvest of Festivals. Longman] + +Playing of divination games with apples was also popular on other days dedicated to saints such as St Clement's day on 23 November which was known as Bite-Apple night in places such as Wednesbury ([[Sandwell]]) and Bilston ([[Wolverhampton]])Hackwood, Frederick William (1974) Staffordshire customs, superstitions & folklore. EP Publishing [https://books.google.com/books?id=0_vZAAAAMAAJ&q=apples+clementing+++wednesbury+bilston] when people went "Clementing" in a similar manner to Souling. The Clementing custom was also observed in Aston, Sutton Coldfield, Curdworth, Minworth and Kingsbury.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gf4-AQAAIAAJ&q=souling+midlands+traditions Occasional Papers (2007) Dugdale Society] During the 19th century, St. Clement was a popular saint in [[West Bromwich]] and during the 1850s, children and others in neighbouring [[Oldbury, West Midlands|Oldbury]] also begged for apples on St. Clement's day and money on St. Thomas's day,Hackwood, Frederick William (1974) Staffordshire customs, superstitions & folklore. EP Publishing [https://books.google.com/books?id=0_vZAAAAMAAJ&q=oldbury] which takes place on 21 December. In [[Walsall]], apples and nuts were provided by the local council on St. Clement's day.[https://books.google.com/books?id=rlgCAAAAMAAJ&q=walsall Publications, Volume 38 (1896) Folklore Society] + +=====Old Hob===== +In some parts of Cheshire, during the 19th century, adults and children went Souling performing plays and carrying an Old Hob which consisted of a horse's head enveloped in a sheet.Journal of the British Archaeological Association (1850) British Archaeological Association [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh4pAAAAYAAJ&dq=chester+souling&pg=PA252] The head would be put on a pole and sometimes, a candle would be lit inside, in which case the pole bearer would be covered in a sheet.Cuhulain, Kerr (2011) Pagan Religions: A Handbook for Diversity Training. Marion Street Press [https://books.google.com/books?id=OUEuiYx7YsAC&dq=souling+candles+horse+skulls&pg=PT132] During the early 1900s, men in [[Warburton, Greater Manchester|Warburton]] went out on All Saints day with lanterns at night with one of the men wearing a horse's skull called the "Old Warb" and visited farmer's houses for drink and money.Billington, Michael (2018) The Story of Urmston, Flixton and Davyhulme: A New History of the Three Townships. The History Press [https://books.google.com/books?id=X51ODwAAQBAJ&dq=souling+old+hobb&pg=PT180] Barber (1910) believes the use of an imitation of a horse's head by Soulers resulted in Souling "being grafted on to the pagan custom of '[[Hoodening|hodening]]'".Barber, Edward (1910) Memorials of old Cheshire, ed. by E. Barber and P.H. Ditchfield [https://books.google.com/books?id=92cUAAAAQAAJ&q=souling+hodening] + +====Modern observances==== +By the latter half of the 19th century, states Simpson (1976), it was more usual for children to go out Souling. Further, by the 19th century, memories of begging for bread "for the sake of souls departed" had faded, "leaving only the name soul-cake".Simpson, Jacqueline (1976) The Folklore of the Welsh Border. B. T. Batsford [https://books.google.com/books?id=c86BAAAAMAAJ&q=souling] + +The educational reforms of 1870 meant that children, other than very small children, went to school which was when Souling would be carried by children and this affected the extent of the practice. However, the custom persisted in "rural Cheshire, northern Shropshire and adjoining part of Staffordshire" up to the 1950s. Hole (1975) noted in her book "English Traditional Customs" that "in Cheshire and Shropshire, small bands of children still go Souling through the villages on All Souls' Day (or on All Saints' Day which is its Eve). They visit the houses and sing one or other of the traditional Souling-songs, and are then rewarded with gifts of money, or cakes, or sweets".[https://books.google.com/books?id=4_fZAAAAMAAJ&q=souling+cakes+shropshire+hallows Hole, Christina (1975) English Traditional Customs. Batsford] Simpson (1976) also states that in some villages in Cheshire, children have maintained the Souling tradition and go out Souling either on Halloween or the first two days of November. + +=====Caking night===== +Hutton (2001) believes Souling is being observed in modern times in Sheffield. The custom on the outskirts of Sheffield is known as caking-night[https://books.google.com/books?id=_UMqAAAAYAAJ&q=sheffield+caking+night Hardman, Charlotte and Harvey, Graham (1995) Paganism Today. Thorsons] and traditionally took take place either on 30/31 October or 1/2 November where children "said the traditional caking rhyme ("Cake, cake, copper, copper"), and received about ten pence from each householder" as reported in Lore and Language, Volume 3, Issues 6–10 in 1982.[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwHaAAAAMAAJ&q=cake,+cake,copper,+copper,+souling Lore and Language, Volume 3, Issues 6-10 (1982)] Prior to the Second World War, children in [[Dungworth]], [[South Yorkshire]], went 'caking' wearing masks and visiting houses in the village, "asking the householder to guess their identity".AA Book of British Villages: A Guide to 700 of the Most Interesting and Attractive Villages in Britain (1980) Drive Publications for the Automobile Association [https://books.google.com/books?id=TF8JAQAAIAAJ&q=caking+night] According to Sykes (1977), caking night is also known as caking neet which traditionally takes place on 1 November, or the first Monday if the first falls on a Saturday or a Sunday.Sykes, Homer (1977) Once a Year: Some Traditional British Customs. G.Fraser [https://books.google.com/books?id=lFXgAAAAMAAJ&q=disguise] According to Chainey (2018), soul caking is still very popular in Cheshire.Chainey, Dee Dee (2018) A Treasury of British Folklore: Maypoles, Mandrakes and Mistletoe. Pavilion Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=vd50DwAAQBAJ&dq=Jones%E2%80%9D+Ale+Soul+Cakers&pg=PT17] + +{{clear}} + +=====Souling plays===== +[[File:Antrobus Soul Cakers.jpg|thumb|right|Antrobus Soul Cakers (Cheshire)]] +In the county of Cheshire, Souling plays were traditionally performed. This involved groups of soulers visiting farmhouses performing a death and resurrection play. One of the members would wear a horse-skull without which the play could not be performed.Whitmore, Ben (2010) Trials of the Moon: Reopening the Case for Historical Witchcraft. Briar Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=45qUKRtvsBgC&dq=souling+horse+skull&pg=PA75] According to Whitmore (2010), the plays were presided by [[Beelzebub]] (the Devil) and if two Soulers' gangs met, they had to fight and smash the losers' horse skull. A link between Souling and the deceased was made by Wilfred Isherwood, leader of the Antrobus cast, when he said in 1954 that they believed in Souling and ghosts.Whitmore, Ben (2010) Trials of the Moon: Reopening the Case for Historical Witchcraft. Briar books [https://books.google.com/books?id=45qUKRtvsBgC&dq=souling+witches&pg=PA75] + +Souling plays still take place in Cheshire where groups such as the Jones' Ale Soul Cakers perform annually.Curious Customs: A Guide to Local Customs and Festivals Throughout the British Isles (1993) Impact Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=aDXgAAAAMAAJ&q=souling+plays++cheshire] The villages of +[[Antrobus, Cheshire|Antrobus]] and [[Comberbach]] are also noted for Souling plays in Cheshire.Schofield, Bernard (1981) Events in Britain: A Complete Guide to Annual Events in Britain. Blandford Press [https://books.google.com/books?id=kDDgAAAAMAAJ&q=soul+plays+cheshire] + +The Antrobus’ troop perform annually in pubs around Cheshire between 31 October and 12 November. The characters include the Letter-in, Black Prince, King George, the Quack Doctor, and ‘Dick’ the Wild Horse and his Driver. The characters are believed to represent the souls of the dead.SoCheshire (4/11/2018) Know Your Cheshire: Antrobus Soul Cakers (accessed 6/11/2018) [http://www.so-cheshire.co.uk/know-your-cheshire-antrobus-soul-cakers/] +{{clear}} + +=====Mischief Night===== +[[File:Toilet paper prank.jpg|thumb|90px|left|Toilet paper prank]] +In Lancashire, the evening before Halloween is known as Mischief Night.Lopez, Jamie (31.10.2018) ECHO. Fireworks fired at police horses in Mischief Night mayhem [https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/fireworks-fired-police-horses-mischief-15354354] Lopez According to Sommerlad (2018), Mischief Night is "known by different dialect names from one region to another – "Mizzy Night" in Liverpool, "Chievous Night" in Yorkshire – the occasion has been likened to a coming of age ritual for teenagers, emboldened to throw eggs, stick chewing gum into the locks of car doors and deck neighbours’ trees in rolls of toilet paper. The seasonal availability of fireworks also provides a popular addition to the arsenal".Someerlad, Joe (03.11.2018) The Independent. Mischief Night: What is the anarchic celebration of lawlessness and what is its history?[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/mischief-night-2018-when-is-what-date-uk-liverpool-bonfire-gunpower-plot-guy-fawkes-a8612086.html]Browne, Amy (30.10.2017) ECHO Mischief Night - is it harmless fun or should it be banned?[https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/mischief-night-harmless-fun-should-12075080] According to Roud (2010), Mischief Night "has proved a very strong pull in places like Liverpool" on 30 October, the eve of Halloween.Roud, Stephen (2010) The Lore of the Playground: One Hundred Years of Children's Games, Rhymes and Traditions. Random House [https://books.google.com/books?id=d-E9N-O8gCoC&dq=mischievous+night+30+october&pg=PA499] +{{clear}} + +===Wales=== +Rogers (2003) believes Souling took place in [[Monmouth]] and [[Caernarfonshire]] in Wales. According to Ross (2001), in many parts of Wales, up to the eighteenth century, the Souling ceremony involved lighting candles in the parish Church. Parishioners donated the candles and "when they were lit, the way in which the flame burned, faintly or brightly, would serve as a prognosis of the future". The ceremony also involved preparing sole cakes which were known as pice rhanna.[https://books.google.com/books?id=HM2BAAAAMAAJ&q=faintly+ Ross, Anne (2001) Folklore of Wales. Tempus] Sometimes, during the 19th century, upon receiving the soul cakes, people would "pray to God to bless the next crop of wheat".[https://books.google.com/books?id=dIbQAAAAMAAJ&dq=soul+cakes+in+wales&pg=PA12 Sharpe's London Magazine, Volumes 3-4 (1847)] + +Souling was known as {{Lang|cy|hel solod}} and {{Lang|cy|hel bwyd cennady meirw}}, "collecting the food of the messenger of the dead". This custom took place in many parts of Wales on All Souls' Eve. In 1823, it was noted that there was a tradition in Wales for the messenger, known as ''{{Lang|cy|cennad ymeirw}}'', to knock on doors and say "''{{Lang|cy|Deca, Deca, dowch i'r drws, a rhowch ... igennady meirw}}''". [Deca, Deca, come to the door... and give to the messenger of death]. If nothing was received, the response would be "''{{Lang|cy|Deca, Deca, o dan y drws, a phen, y wraig yn siwtrws}}''" [Deca, Deca, under the door, and the wife's head in smithereens].Owen, Trefor M. (2016) The Customs and Traditions of Wales: With an Introduction by Emma Lile. University of Wales Press [https://books.google.com/books?id=_ckmDAAAQBAJ&dq=souling+wales+decca+decca&pg=PT98] Food known as Bwyd Cennad y Meirw was also left outside and the hearth was prepared at night for the arrival of the dead relatives.[https://books.google.com/books?id=UHNWAAAAYAAJ&q=wales+++bwyd+cennad Ferguson, Diana (1996) The magickal year. Quality Paperback Book Clu] According to Ellwood (1977), doors were left unbolted.Ellwood, Robert (1977) Words of the World's Religions: An Anthology. Prentice-Hall [https://books.google.com/books?id=sdeVWK87apUC&q=unbolted] Children went out on All Saints' day too in [[Denbighshire]] and [[Merionethshire]] asking for ''{{Lang|cy|Bwyd Cennad y Meirw}}'' in the late 1800s.Transactions (1896) Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (London, England)[https://books.google.com/books?id=AjQLAQAAMAAJ&q=Merionethshire] People in North Wales also distributed soul-cakes on All Souls' Day[https://books.google.com/books?id=g4wVAAAAYAAJ&q=soul+cakes+in+wales Bye-gones, Relating to Wales and the Border Counties (1916)] and lit a great fire called ''Coel Coeth'' on All Saints' Eve "when every family about an hour in the night" made a great fire near their house.Hone, William (1830) The Every-day Book and Table Book: Or, Everlasting Calendar of Popular Amusements, Sports, Pastimes, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, and Events, Incident to Each of the Three Hundred and Sixty-five Days, in Past and Present Times; Forming a Complete History of the Year, Months, and Seasons, and a Perpetual Key to the Almanac; Including Accounts of the Weather, Rules for Health and Conduct, Remarkable and Important Anecdotes, Facts, and Notices, in Chronology, Antiquities, Topography, Biography, Natural History, Art, Science, and General Literature; Derived from the Most Authentic Sources, and Valuable Original Communications, with Poetical Elucidations, for Daily Use and Diversion, Volume 1. T Tegg [https://archive.org/details/everydaybooktabl01honeuoft/page/n718 ] + +In [[Pembrokeshire]], people went Souling for bread and cheese.Harris, P. Valentine (2016)South Pembrokeshire, Dialect and Place-Names. Read Books Ltd, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3tX7DAAAQBAJ&dq=souling+pembrokeshire&pg=PT43] In [[Gower Peninsula|Gower]], the dish associated with All Souls' day is souly cake which is a fruit/spice bun.[https://books.google.com/books?id=zcNdB_sl2JkC&dq=souly+wales&pg=PA225 Davidson, Alan (1981) Alan . Oxford Symposium] According to Duncan (2010), bakers gave souly cakes (small loaves) to their customers which were kept by them in their homes to bring good luck. Such cakes, according to Duncan, are still baked in Wales.Duncan, Dorothy (2010) Feasting and Fasting: Canada's Heritage Celebrations. Dundurn [https://archive.org/details/feastingfastingc0000dunc/page/250 ] + +===Songs=== +The English "Souling Song" is categorised as number 304 in the [[Roud Folk Song Index]]. The song varies from place to place, and is also known as "Catherning", "Stafford Begging Song" and "Caking Song". + +Historian [[George Ormerod]] collected a version entitled "Souling Song" in [[Chester]] and published it in his 1819 book ''History of the County Palatine and City of Chester.''{{Cite web|title=Souling Song (Roud Folksong Index S450109)|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S450109|access-date=2020-10-04|website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|language=en-gb}} A version collected in 1818 in Staffordshire entitled "Soul Cakes" and beginning "Soul, soul, for an apple or two" was published and discussed in [[Aris's Birmingham Gazette]] in 1858.{{Cite web|title=Soul Cakes (Roud Folksong Index S395180)|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S395180|access-date=2020-10-04|website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|language=en-gb}} A fragmented version beginning with 'One for Peter, two for Paul' was collected in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, and printed in a newspaper in 1856.{{Cite web|title=Souling (Roud Folksong Index S395181)|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S395181|access-date=2020-10-04|website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|language=en-gb}} In the 1880s, author and folklorist [[Charlotte Sophia Burne|Charlotte Sophia Burn]] collected several versions from Staffordshire.{{Cite web|title=Souling Song (Roud Folksong Index S377625)|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S377625|access-date=2020-10-04|website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|language=en-gb}}{{Cite web|title=Souling Song (Roud Folksong Index S377626)|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S377626|access-date=2020-10-04|website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|language=en-gb}}{{Cite web|title=Souling Song (Roud Folksong Index S377627)|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S377627|access-date=2020-10-04|website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|language=en-gb}} + +In 1891, Rev. M. P. Holme of Tattenhall, [[Cheshire]], collected the song traditionally sung during souling, from a little girl at the local school.{{cite book |last=Gregory |first=E. David |title=The Late Victorian Folklore Revival |year=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6988-2 |page=315}} Two years later, the text and tune were published by folklorist [[Lucy Broadwood]], who commented that souling was still practised at that time in Cheshire and Shropshire.{{cite book|first1=Lucy Etheldred |last1=Broadwood |author-link1=Lucy Broadwood|first2=John Alexander |last2=Fuller-Maitland |title=English County Songs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_c4AQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA30 |year=1893|publisher=Leadenhall Press|pages=30–31}} A version was called 'Stafford Begging Song' was collected in Staffordshire in 1907, and further recordings of the traditional soul-cake song were collected in various parts of England until the 1950s.{{cite web |url=http://library.efdss.org/cgi-bin/query.cgi?index_roud=on&output=List&op=precise&query=304&field=20&output=List&length=50&submit=Submit+query |title=Roud Folksong Index entry on "Souling Song (Roud 304)" |publisher=Ralph Vaughan Williams Memorial Library, English Folk Dance and Song Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604104605/http://library.efdss.org/cgi-bin/query.cgi?index_roud=on&output=List&op=precise&query=304&field=20&output=List&length=50&submit=Submit+query |archive-date=2012-06-04 }} Folklorist Peter Kennedy made audio recordings of two traditional versions in the 1950s in Cheshire.{{Cite web|title=Souling Song (cheshire) (Roud Folksong Index S190972)|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S190972|access-date=2020-10-04|website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|language=en-gb}}{{Cite web|title=Cheshire Souling Song (Roud Folksong Index S302977)|url=https://www.vwml.org/record/RoudFS/S302977|access-date=2020-10-04|website=The Vaughan Williams Memorial Library|language=en-gb}} Versions collected any later than this may have been influenced by folk revival recordings of the song by such groups as [[Peter, Paul and Mary]] and [[The Watersons]]. + +The 1891 Cheshire version contains a chorus and three verses: + +
+[Chorus] +A soul! a soul! a soul-cake! +Please good Missis, a soul-cake! +An apple, a pear, a plum, or a cherry, +Any good thing to make us all merry. +One for Peter, two for Paul +Three for Him who made us all. + +[Verse 1] +God bless the master of this house, +The misteress also, +And all the little children +That round your table grow. +Likewise young men and maidens, +Your cattle and your store; +And all that dwells within your gates, +We wish you ten times more. + +[Verse 2] +Down into the cellar, +And see what you can find, +If the barrels are not empty, +We hope you will prove kind. +We hope you will prove kind, +With your apples and strong beer, +And we'll come no more a-souling +Till this time next year. + +[Verse 3] +The lanes are very dirty, +My shoes are very thin, +I've got a little pocket +To put a penny in. +If you haven't got a penny, +A ha'penny will do; +If you haven't get a ha'penny, +It's God bless you
+ +In 1963, the American folk group [[Peter, Paul and Mary]] recorded this 1891 Cheshire version published by Lucy Broadwood as "A' Soalin", including all the verses as well as parts of "Hey, Ho, Nobody Home" and "[[God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen]]" (which are traditionally associated with Christmas). The musical arrangement (including the accompaniment, chords, and interpolations from the other traditional songs) is quite different from the published 1893 version and was copyrighted by members of the group.{{cite web |url=http://www.genekeyes.com/Souling/Souling.html |title=The Souling Song [Soul-Cake] |year=2014 |publisher=Gene Keyes}} + +American [[Hallowe'en]] composer [[Kristen Lawrence]] found two historical tunes associated with soul cakes as she was researching souling songs for her 2009 ''A Broom With A View'' album. As Lawrence heard the traditional Cheshire tune, she was struck that the beginning notes were the same as the mediaeval [[plainchant]] [[Dies Irae]], "Day of Judgment", calling the people to repent and pray for the dead. It seemed plausible that the Cheshire tune could be a folk corruption of the chant as children and beggars asked for cakes in return for praying for the dead.{{cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Kristen |section=Hallowe'en Carols – Music for the Autumnal Season |year=2009 |title=A Broom With A View |type=CD Booklet |location=Santa Ana |publisher=Vörswell Music}} + +The song "Soul Cake" from British rock musician [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]'s 2009 album ''[[If on a Winter's Night...]]'' seems to be an adaptation of the Peter, Paul, and Mary version, in that both depart from historical accuracy by referring to Christmas rather than All Saints' Day or All Souls' Day. But the 1893 version of the song already shares lines from similar Christmas carols: "Here We Come A-Wassailing" and "Christmas is A-Coming". + +===Philippines and Portugal=== +In the Philippines, the practice of souling is called Pangangaluwa and is practiced on All Hallow's Eve among children in rural areas. People drape themselves in white cloths to represent souls and then visit houses, where they sing in return for prayers and sweets. + +In Portugal, groups of children go souling on All Hallow's Day, collecting ''[[Pão-por-Deus]]'' (bread for God's sake) from their neighbours.{{cite book|author= Robert Muir-Wood|title=The Cure for Catastrophe|date=17 April 2017|publisher=Oneworld Publications|page=28}} + +==See also== +{{Portal|Christianity}} +*[[Hot cross bun]] +*[[Pan de ánimas]] +*[[Festival of the Dead]] + +==References== +{{Reflist}} + +==External links== +* [http://www.godecookery.com/godeboke/foodtv/foodtv.html Gode Cookery Food Network] +* [http://piereligion.org/hallsongs.html Soul-cake songs] +* [http://www.genekeyes.com/Souling/Souling.html The Souling Song (Soul-Cake)] +* [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/recipes/view.cfm?id=1378 Catholic Culture] +* [https://books.google.com/books?id=x_c4AQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA30 The Souling Song from "English County Songs: Words and Music", Collected and Edited by Lucy Broadwood and J.A. Fuller Maitland, 1893] +* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFh49uZPuPQ Sting – Soul Cake] + +{{Cakes}} +{{English festivals}} + +{{DEFAULTSORT:Soul Cake}} +[[Category:Death customs]] +[[Category:Halloween food]] +[[Category:English folk songs]] +[[Category:Christian folklore]] +[[Category:Christianity and death]] +[[Category:Allhallowtide]] -- 2.30.2 From 44a8dea8d7d2e8cb4be50cdaac4a31c9ac78c079 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Mon, 10 Apr 2023 06:29:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 15/16] feat(en:Hogfather):Add OCLC number --- en.wikipedia.org/Hogfather/article.txt | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 104 insertions(+) create mode 100644 en.wikipedia.org/Hogfather/article.txt diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Hogfather/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Hogfather/article.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dcb9eef --- /dev/null +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Hogfather/article.txt @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +{{Short description|1996 Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett}} +{{For|the Sky One adaptation of the novel|Terry Pratchett's Hogfather}} +{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}} +{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}} +{{Infobox book +| name = Hogfather +| image = Hogfather-2.jpg +| caption = First edition +| author = [[Terry Pratchett]] +| illustrator = +| cover_artist = [[Josh Kirby]] +| language = English +| series = {{ubl|''[[Discworld]]''|20th novel – 4th Death story}} +| subject = {{ubl|Christmas, children's stories, the power of belief|'''Characters:'''|[[Death (Discworld)|Death]], [[Susan Sto Helit]]|'''Locations:'''|[[Death's Domain]], [[Ankh-Morpork]], Tooth Fairy's domain}} +| genre = [[Fantasy]] +| publisher = [[Victor Gollancz]] +| pub_date = 1996 +| awards = Came 137th in the [[Big Read]] +| isbn = 0-575-06403-X +| preceded_by = [[Feet of Clay (novel)|Feet of Clay]] +| followed_by = [[Jingo (novel)|Jingo]] +| oclc = 36217246 +}} +'''''Hogfather''''' is the 20th ''[[Discworld]]'' novel by [[Terry Pratchett]], and a 1997 British Fantasy Award nominee.{{cite web +| url = http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1997 +| title = 1997 Award Winners & Nominees +| work = Worlds Without End +| access-date = 28 September 2009 +}} It was first released in 1996 and published by [[Victor Gollancz]]. It came in 137th place in [[The Big Read]], a [[BBC]] survey of the most loved British books of all time, making it one of fifteen books by Pratchett in the Top 200.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top200.shtml|title=BBC - The Big Read - Top 200 Books|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2018-08-30}} + +The book focuses on the absence of the Hogfather, a mythical creature akin to [[Father Christmas]], who grants children's wishes on [[Discworld (world)#Hogswatchnight|Hogswatchnight]] (December 32) and brings them presents. While [[Death (Discworld)|Death]] attempts to fill in for the Hogfather, his granddaughter [[Susan Sto Helit]] tries to find and rescue the Hogfather. + +==Plot summary== + +The Auditors of Reality, a group of "celestial bureaucrats" attempt to eliminate the Hogfather, a jolly god-like creature who brings children presents on [[Discworld (world)#Hogswatchnight|December 32nd]], similar to the figures of [[Santa Claus]] and [[Father Christmas]] in the US and UK. Forbidden to interfere directly by "The Rules", they pay the Assassin's Guild to kill the Hogfather instead. The task is given to [[Ankh-Morpork Assassins' Guild#Mr Teatime|Mr. Teatime]] who has a reputation for ruthlessness and creative solutions. Mr. Teatime enlists the help of some gangsters to find a delivery person working for the [[Tooth fairy|Tooth Fairy]], using his magic to break into her kingdom and stealing all the collected teeth. With these teeth, he is able to control all the children on the Discworld, commanding them to no longer believe in the Hogfather. + +Knowing that the Hogfather is also responsible for the sun rising, [[Death (Discworld)|Death]] attempts to maintain belief by dressing up as the Hogfather and fulfilling his role, aided by his servant Albert. Due to Death's simplistic understanding of the meaning of Hogswatch, he commits several acts supposedly to aid restoring belief in the Hogfather but which Albert believes are unacceptable, including granting more life to a deceased matchgirl and stealing food from a luxury restaurant to give to the [[List of Discworld characters#Canting Crew|Canting Crew]] (whilst replacing said restaurant's stock with mud and old boots). Since he is unable himself to defeat Mr. Teatime, who is in a realm created by children's belief where death (and thus Death) does not exist, he appears at his granddaughter's place of work dressed as the Hogfather. As he had planned, [[Susan Sto Helit]] is unable to resist her curiosity and tries to find the Hogfather. She visits the Hogfather's Castle of Bones, only to find the hung-over Bilious, the "Oh God" of [[Hangover]]s. In an attempt to cure Bilious from his hangovers, Susan visits the [[Unseen University]], where it is discovered that several small gods and beings (including Bilious, a Verruca Gnome, a Hair Loss Fairy, an Eater of Pencils, and Eater of Socks, Towel Wasps, and a Cheerful Fairy) are being created due to an abundance of excess belief in the world caused by the Hogfather's disappearance. + +Susan and Bilious travel to the Tooth Fairy's realm and discover Mr. Teatime's plot. Mr. Teatime attacks Susan using Death's sword, but since it does not work in this realm, Susan is able to overpower him and throw him down the tower, causing him to disappear. After Susan witnesses the Tooth Fairy (in fact, the original [[Bogey Man]], who became the Tooth Fairy to protect children) die from the exhaustion from defending its kingdom, she tasks the childlike Banjo Lilywhite, the last surviving gangster, to carry on the task of protecting the teeth. She then manages to rescue the Hogfather, who has reverted to his former self as a hog, from Auditors who hound him in the form of attack dogs. As Susan is returning to her place of work, Death explains what happened to Susan but she is attacked by Teatime whom she finally manages to kill using the kitchen poker. + +==Characters== + +*Jonathan Teatime, an assassin +*Susan Sto-Helit, Death's granddaughter +*Death +*Auditors of Reality +*Hogfather, a god +*Albert +*Bilious, the Oh God of Hangovers + +The Wizards of the Unseen University: +*Mustrum Ridcully, Archchancellor of Unseen University +*Lecturer in Recent Runes +*Chair of Indefinite Studies +*The Bursar +*Hex +*Ponder Stibbons +*Adrian Turnipseed aka Mad Drongo +*Dean +*Senior Wrangler +*the Librarian + +==TV adaptation== +{{main|Terry Pratchett's Hogfather}} +A [[Terry Pratchett's Hogfather|two-part TV film version of ''Hogfather'']] was screened on 17 and 18 December 2006 on [[Sky One]] in the UK, with [[Ian Richardson]] as the voice of Death and [[David Jason]] playing Death's manservant [[Albert (Discworld)|Albert]]. [[Marc Warren]] played [[Mr. Teatime]], [[Michelle Dockery]] played [[Susan Sto Helit]], [[Rhodri Meilir]] played Bilious, and [[Tony Robinson]] (who narrated several audiobook versions of the Discworld novels) played the shop keeper Vernon Crumley. Terry Pratchett himself had a brief cameo as the toy-maker. + +The US debut was on 25 November 2007 on [[ION Television]], the Australian on 23 and 24 December 2007 on Channel Seven, and the German on 25 December 2007 on [[ProSieben]]. + +== Reception == +The novel entered the UK Top 10 charts at #1 as hardback in October 1996{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/260424432/|title=Top 10 UK Hardbacks|date=1996-10-31|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-08-30|language=en|via=Newspapers.com}} and as paperback in November 1997.{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/260887109|title=Top 10 UK paperbacks|date=1997-11-06|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-08-30|language=en|via=Newspapers.com}} According to ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'', Pratchett used a darker tone and edgier satire for ''Hogfather'' than his previous work, and so moved beyond the realm of humorous fantasy and into position as "one of the more significant contemporary English-language satirists".{{Cite news|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-06-105046-6|title=Fiction Book Review: Hogfather by Terry Pratchett|date=1998-11-02|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|access-date=2018-08-30|language=en}} + +==References== +{{reflist}} + +==External links== +{{wikiquote|Discworld#Hogfather (1996)|Hogfather}} +* {{isfdb title|8376}} +* [http://www.lspace.org/books/apf/hogfather.html Annotations for ''Hogfather''] +* [http://www.lspace.org/books/pqf/hogfather.html Quotes from ''Hogfather''] +* [http://www.lspace.org/books/synopses/hogfather.html Synopsis of ''Hogfather''] +* [http://www.worldswithoutend.com/novel.asp?ID=1152 Hogfather] at Worlds Without End + +{{s-start}} +{{s-other|[[Discworld reading order|Reading order guide]]}} +{{succession box | before = [[Feet of Clay (novel)|Feet of Clay]] | title = 20th [[Discworld#Novels|Discworld Novel]] | years= | after = [[Jingo (novel)|Jingo]]}} +{{succession box | before = [[Soul Music (novel)|Soul Music]] | title = 4th [[Discworld reading order#Death|Death Story]] | years=Published in 1996 | after = [[Thief of Time]]}} +{{s-end}} + +{{Discworld books}} +{{Terry Pratchett}} + +{{Authority control}} + +[[Category:1996 British novels]] +[[Category:British novels adapted into films]] +[[Category:Holiday-themed novels]] +[[Category:Discworld books]] +[[Category:1996 fantasy novels]] +[[Category:Pigs in literature]] +[[Category:British novels adapted into television shows]] +[[Category:Victor Gollancz Ltd books]] +[[Category:Novels about religion]] +[[Category:British comedy novels]] +[[Category:Novels set in one day]] -- 2.30.2 From c69ee435059d35d9df27499ec37fcb48a826dc2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Baltakatei Sandoval Date: Mon, 10 Apr 2023 23:20:01 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 16/16] feat(en:Persistent uniform resource locator): Add citation --- .../article.txt | 148 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 148 insertions(+) create mode 100644 en.wikipedia.org/Persistent_uniform_resource_locator/article.txt diff --git a/en.wikipedia.org/Persistent_uniform_resource_locator/article.txt b/en.wikipedia.org/Persistent_uniform_resource_locator/article.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eeec548 --- /dev/null +++ b/en.wikipedia.org/Persistent_uniform_resource_locator/article.txt @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +{{redirect|PURL|other meanings of "purl"|Purl (disambiguation)}} + +A '''persistent uniform resource locator''' ('''PURL''') is a [[uniform resource locator]] (URL) (i.e., location-based [[uniform resource identifier]] or URI) that is used to [[URL redirection|redirect]] to the location of the requested [[web resource]]. PURLs redirect [[HTTP]] clients using [[List of HTTP status codes|HTTP status codes]]. + +Originally, PURLs were recognizable for being hosted at [http://purl.org purl.org] or other hostnames containing purl. Early on many of those other hosts used descendants of the original OCLC PURL system software. Eventually, however, the ''PURL concept'' came to be generic and was used to designate any redirection service (named ''PURL resolver'') that:Services as [[Lex (URN)|URN LEX]], [[European Legislation Identifier|ELI]] and [[Digital object identifier|DOI]], [[Permalink]] and others, they use directly or indirectly the PURL concept. +* has a "root URL" as the ''resolver'' reference (e.g. http://myPurlResolver.example); +* provides means, to its user-community, to include new ''names'' in the root URL (e.g. http://myPurlResolver.example/name22); +* provides means to associate each ''name'' with its URL (to be redirected), and to update this redirection-URL; +* ensure the persistence (e.g. by contract) of the root URL and the ''PURL resolver'' services. + +PURLs are used to curate the URL resolution process, thus solving the problem of transitory URIs in location-based [[URI scheme]]s like HTTP. Technically the ''string resolution'' on PURL is like ''[[SEF URL]] resolution''. +The remainder of this article is about the OCLC's PURL system, proposed and implemented by [[OCLC]] (the Online Computer Library Center). + +==History== +The PURL concept was developed by Stuart Weibel and Erik Jul at [[OCLC]] in 1995.{{cite journal |last1=Weibel |first1=Stuart |last2=Jul |first2=Erik |title=PURLs to improve access to the Internet |journal=OCLC Newsletter |date=1995 |issue=November/December |page=19 |url=https://library.oclc.org/digital/collection/p267701coll28/id/1839 |access-date=17 December 2021}} The PURL system was implemented using a forked pre-1.0 release of [[Apache HTTP Server]]. The software was modernized and extended in 2007 by [[Zepheira]] under contract to OCLC and the official website moved to http://purlz.org (the 'Z' came from the Zepheira name and was used to differentiate the PURL [[open-source software]] site from the PURL resolver operated by OCLC). + +PURL version numbers may be considered confusing. OCLC released versions 1 and 2 of the Apache-based source tree, initially in 1999 under the OCLC Research Public License 1.0 License and later under the OCLC Research Public License 2.0 License ([http://opensource.org/licenses/oclc2 http://opensource.org/licenses/oclc2]). Zepheira released PURLz 1.0 in 2007 under the [http://opensource.org/licenses/apache2.0 Apache License, Version 2.0]. PURLz 2.0 was released in [[Software release life cycle#Beta|Beta testing]] in 2010 but the release was never finalized. The [[Callimachus Project]] implemented PURLs as of its 1.0 release in 2012. + +The oldest PURL [[HTTP]] resolver was operated by [[OCLC]] from 1995 to September 2016 and was reached as [http://purl.oclc.org/ purl.oclc.org] as well as [http://purl.org/ purl.org], [http://purl.net/ purl.net], and [http://purl.com/ purl.com]. + +Other notable PURL resolvers include the US Government Printing Office ([http://purl.fdlp.gov http://purl.fdlp.gov]), which is operated for the [[Federal Depository Library Program]] and has been in operation since 1997. + +The PURL concept is used in the [https://w3id.org/ w3id.org], that may replace the old PURL-services and PURL-technologies. + +On 27 September 2016 OCLC announced a cooperation with [[Internet Archive]] resulting in the transfer of the resolver service and its administration interface to Internet Archive.{{cite press release|title=OCLC and Internet Archive work together to ensure future sustainability of Persistent URLs |url=http://www.oclc.org/news/releases/2016/201623dublin.en.html |date=27 September 2016 |publisher=OCLC |location=Dublin, Ohio |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202162123/https://cdm15003.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15003coll6/id/649 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |url-status=live |quote=OCLC and Internet Archive today announced the results of a year-long cooperative effort to ensure the future sustainability of purl.org. The organizations have worked together to build a new sustainable service hosted by Internet Archive that will manage persistent URLs and sub-domain redirections for purl.org, purl.com, purl.info and purl.net}} The service is supported on newly created software, separate from all previous implementations. The transfer re-enabled the ability to manage PURL definitions that had been disabled in the OCLC-hosted service for several months. The service hosted on Internet Archive servers supports access via [http://purl.org/ purl.org], [http://purl.net/ purl.net], [http://purl.info/ purl.info], and [http://purl.com/ purl.com]. OCLC now redirects DNS requests for [http://purl.oclc.org/ purl.oclc.org] to [http://purl.org/ purl.org]. + +==Principles of operation== +The PURL concept allows for generalized URL curation of HTTP URIs on the [[World Wide Web]]. PURLs allow third party control over both URL resolution and resource metadata provision. + +A URL is simply an address of a resource on the World Wide Web. A Persistent URL is an address on the World Wide Web that causes a redirection to another Web resource. If a Web resource changes location (and hence URL), a PURL pointing to it can be updated. A user of a PURL always uses the same Web address, even though the resource in question may have moved. PURLs may be used by publishers to manage their own information space or by Web users to manage theirs; a PURL service is independent of the publisher of information. PURL services thus allow the management of hyperlink integrity. Hyperlink integrity is a design trade-off of the World Wide Web, but may be partially restored by allowing resource users or third parties to influence where and how a URL resolves. + +A simple PURL works by responding to an HTTP GET request by returning a response of type 302 (equivalent to the HTTP status code 302, meaning "Found"). The response contains an HTTP "Location" header, the value of which is a URL that the client should subsequently retrieve via a new HTTP GET request. + +PURLs implement one form of persistent identifier for virtual resources. Other persistent identifier schemes include [[Digital object identifier|Digital Object Identifiers]] (DOIs), [[LSID|Life Sciences Identifiers]] (LSIDs) and [[Info:|INFO URIs]]. All persistent identification schemes provide unique identifiers for (possibly changing) virtual resources, but not all schemes provide curation opportunities. Curation of virtual resources has been defined as, "the active involvement of information professionals in the management, including the preservation, of digital data for future use."{{Cite journal |first=E.|last=Yakel|title=Digital Curation |journal=OCLC Systems & Services |year=2007|volume=23|issue=4 |pages=335–340 |doi=10.1108/10650750710831466|s2cid=33219560 }} + +PURLs have been criticized for their need to resolve a URL, thus tying a PURL to a network location. Network locations have several vulnerabilities, such as Domain Name System registrations and host dependencies. A failure to resolve a PURL could lead to an ambiguous state: It would not be clear whether the PURL failed to resolve because a network failure prevented it or because it did not exist.{{Cite web |first=Sean|last=Martin|url=http://esw.w3.org/topic/HCLSIG_BioRDF_Subgroup/LSID_URN_URI |title=LSID URN/URI Notes |date=2006-06-30 |access-date=2011-01-05 |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]] ESW Wiki}} + +PURLs are themselves valid URLs, so their components must map to the URL specification. The scheme part tells a computer program, such as a Web browser, which protocol to use when resolving the address. The scheme used for PURLs is generally HTTP. The host part tells which PURL server to connect to. The next part, the PURL domain, is analogous to a resource path in a URL. The domain is a hierarchical information space that separates PURLs and allows for PURLs to have different maintainers. One or more designated maintainers may administer each PURL domain. Finally, the PURL name is the name of the PURL itself. The domain and name together constitute the PURL's "id". + +=== Comparing with permalink === +Both [[permalink]] and ''PURL'' are used as permanent/persistent URL and redirect to the location of the requested [[web resource]]. Roughly speaking, they are the same. Their differences are about [[domain name]] and [[Time#List_of_units|time scale]]: +* A '''permalink''' usually does not change the URL's domain, and is designed to persist over ''years''. +* A '''PURL''' domain name is independently changeable, and is designed to persist over ''decades''. + +==Types== +The most common types of PURLs are named to coincide with the HTTP response code that they return. Not all HTTP response codes have equivalent PURL types and not all PURL servers implement all PURL types. Some HTTP response codes (e.g. 401, Unauthorized) have clear meanings in the context of an HTTP conversation but do not apply to the process of HTTP redirection. Three additional types of PURLs ("chain", "partial' and "clone") are given mnemonic names related to their functions. +{| class="wikitable" +|+ PURL types +! Type +! PURL meaning +! HTTP meaning +|- +| 200 +| Content created or aggregated +| OK +|- +| 301 +| Moved permanently to a target URL +| Moved permanently +|- +| 302 +| Simple redirection to a target URL +| Found +|- +| Chain +| Redirect to another PURL within the same server +| Found +|- +| Partial +| Redirect to a target URL with trailing path information appended +| Found +|- +| 303 +| See other URL +| See Other +|- +| 307 +| Temporary redirect to a target URL +| Temporary Redirect +|- +| 404 +| Temporarily gone +| Not Found +|- +| 410 +| Permanently gone +| Gone +|- +| Clone +| Copy the attributes of an existing PURL +| N/A +|} + +Most PURLs are so-called "simple PURLs", which provide a redirection to the desired resource. The HTTP status code, and hence of the PURL type, of a simple PURL is 302. The intent of a 302 PURL is to inform the Web client and [[End-user (computer science)#End user|end user]] that the PURL should always be used to address the requested resource, not the final URI resolved. This is to allow continued resolution of the resource if the PURL changes. Some operators prefer to use PURLs of type 301 (indicating that the final URI should be addressed in future requests). + +A PURL of type "chain" allows a PURL to redirect to another PURL in a manner identical to a 301 or 302 redirection, with the difference that a PURL server will handle the redirection internally for greater efficiency. This efficiency is useful when many redirections are possible; since some Web browsers will stop following redirections once a set limit is encountered (in an attempt to avoid loops). + +A PURL of type "200" is an "Active PURL", in which the PURL actively participates in the creation or aggregation of the metadata returned. An Active PURL includes some arbitrary computation to produce its output. Active PURLs have been implemented in PURLz 2.0 and The [[Callimachus Project]]. They may be used to gather runtime status reports, perform distributed queries or any other type of data collection where a persistent identifier is desired. Active PURLs act similar to a [[stored procedure]] in relational databases.{{Cite journal |first=David|last=Hyland-Wood|url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:159852 |title=Metadata Foundations for the Life Cycle Management of Software Systems |date=2008-07-01 |access-date=2011-01-05 |publisher=School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, [[University of Queensland|The University of Queensland]]}} + +A PURL of type "303" is used to direct a Web client to a resource that provides additional information regarding the resource they requested, without returning the resource itself. This subtlety is useful when the HTTP URI requested is used as an identifier for a physical or conceptual object that cannot be represented as an information resource. PURLs of type 303 are used most often to redirect to metadata in a serialization format of the [[Resource Description Framework]] (RDF) and have relevance for [[Semantic Web]] and [[linked data]] content. This use of the 303 HTTP status code is conformant with the [http://www.w3.org/2001/tag/group/track/issues/14 http-range-14] finding of the [http://www.w3.org/2001/tag/ Technical Architecture Group] of the [[World Wide Web Consortium]]. + +A PURL of type "307" informs a user that the resource temporarily resides at a different URL from the norm. PURLs of types 404 and 410 note that the requested resource could not be found and suggests some information for why that was so. Support for the HTTP 307 (Temporary Redirect), 404 (Not Found) and 410 (Gone) response codes are provided for completeness. + +PURLs of types "404" and "410" are provided to assist administrators in marking PURLs that require repair. PURLs of these types allow for more efficient indications of resource identification failure when target resources have moved and a suitable replacement has not been identified. + +PURLs of type "clone" are used solely during PURL administration as a convenient method of copying an existing PURL record into a new PURL. + +==Redirection of URL fragments == +The PURL service includes a concept known as partial redirection. If a request does not match a PURL exactly, the requested URL is checked to determine if some contiguous front portion of the PURL string matches a registered PURL. If so, a redirection occurs with the remainder of the requested URL appended to the target URL. For example, consider a PURL with a URL of http//purl.org/some/path/ with a target URL of http://example.com/another/path/. An attempt to perform an HTTP GET operation on the URL http//purl.org/some/path/and/some/more/data would result in a partial redirection to http://example.com/another/path/and/some/more/data. The concept of partial redirection allows hierarchies of Web-based resources to be addressed via PURLs without each resource requiring its own PURL. One PURL is sufficient to serve as a top-level node for a hierarchy on a single target server. The new PURL service uses the type "partial" to denote a PURL that performs partial redirection. + +Partial redirections at the level of a URL path do not violate common interpretations of the HTTP 1.1 specification. However, the handling of URL fragments across redirections has not been standardized and a consensus has not yet emerged. [[Fragment identifier]]s indicate a pointer to more specific information within a resource and are designated as following a # separator in URIs.{{Cite journal |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-1.2.3 |title=Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax, RFC 3986 (STD 66) |date=January 2005 |access-date=2008-03-01 |publisher=[[IETF]] Networking Working Group|doi=10.17487/RFC3986 |last1=Berners-Lee |first1=T. |last2=Fielding |first2=R. |last3=Masinter |first3=L. }} + +Partial redirection in the presence of a fragment identifier is problematic because two conflicting interpretations are possible.{{Cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/Fragment/draft-bos-http-redirect-00.txt |title=Handling of Fragment Identifiers in Redirected URLs, Expired Internet Draft |date=1999-06-30 |access-date=2008-03-01 |publisher=[[IETF]] Networking Working Group}} If a fragment is attached to a PURL of type "partial", should a PURL service assume that the fragment has meaning on the target URL or should it discard it in the presumption that a resource with a changed location may have also changed content, thus invalidating fragments defined earlier? Bos suggested that fragments should be retained and passed through to target URLs during HTTP redirections resulting in 300 (Multiple Choice), 301 (Moved Permanently), 302 (Found) or 303 (See Other) responses unless a designated target URL already includes a fragment identifier. If a fragment identifier is already present in a target URL, any fragment in the original URL should be abandoned. Unfortunately, Bos’ suggestion failed to navigate the IETF standards track and expired without further work. Dubost ''et al.'' resurrected Bos’ suggestions in a W3C Note (not a standard, but guidance in the absence of a standard).{{Cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/NOTE-cuap-20010206#uri |title=Common User Agent Problems, W3C Note |date=2001-02-06 |access-date=2008-03-01 |publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]}} Makers of Web clients such as browsers have "generally" failed to follow Bos’ guidance. + +Starting with PURLz 1.0 series, the PURL service implements partial redirections inclusive of fragment identifiers by writing fragments onto target URLs in an attempt to comply with and avoid problematic and inconsistent behavior by browser vendors. + +==See also== +* Implementation examples: +** [[Archival Resource Key]] (ARK) +** [[Digital Object Identifier]] (DOI) +** [[Handle System]] identifiers +* [[Link rot]] +* [[OPAC]] +* [[Permalink]] +* [[URL redirection]] +* [[URL shortening]] +* [[Uniform Resource Name]] (URN) +* [[Wayback Machine]] + +==References== +{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} + +==External links== +* [http://purlz.org Official website for PURLz] +* [http://callimachusproject.org Official website for The Callimachus Project] +* [http://purl.org/ Internet Archive's PURL resolver] +* [http://purl.fdlp.gov US Government Printing Office's PURL resolver] +* [http://www.persistent-identifier.de/english/204-examples.php persistent-identifier.de] +* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090210094245/http://purl.wepreserve.eu/ DPE/PURL Information and Resolver Site] + +[[Category:URI schemes]] +[[Category:Identifiers]] +[[Category:1995 software]] +[[Category:Free software programmed in Java (programming language)]] +[[Category:Cross-platform free software]] +[[Category:History of the Internet]] +[[Category:Internet software for Linux]] +[[Category:Unix Internet software]] -- 2.30.2