en.wikipedia.org/Separation_process/article.txt

   1 {{Short description|Method that converts a mixture or solution into two or more distinct products}}
   2 {{Chemical engineering }}
   3 A '''separation process''' is a method that converts a mixture or solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Ian D. |editor-last=Wilson|editor2-first= Edward R. |editor2-last=Adlard |editor3-first=Michael |editor3-last=Cooke |editor4-first=Colin F. |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last=Poole |title=Encyclopedia of separation science|year=2000|publisher=Academic Press|location=San Diego|isbn=978-0-12-226770-3}}</ref> At least one of results of the separation is enriched in one or more of the source mixture's constituents. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into pure constituents.  Separations exploit differences in chemical properties or  physical properties (such as size, shape, mass, density, or chemical affinity) between the constituents of a mixture.
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   5 Processes are often classified according to the particular differences they use to achieve separation. If no single difference can be used to accomplish the desired separation, multiple [[unit operation|operations]] can often be combined to achieve the desired end.
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   7 With a few exceptions, [[chemical element|element]]s or [[Chemical compound|compound]]s exist in nature in an impure state.  Often these raw materials must go through a separation before they can be put to productive use, making separation techniques essential for the modern industrial economy.
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   9 The purpose of separation may be ''analytical'', can be used as a lie component in the original mixture without any attempt to save the fractions, or maybe ''preparative'', i.e. to "prepare" fractions or samples of the components that can be saved. The separation can be done on a small scale, effectively a [[laboratory]] scale for analytical or preparative purposes, or on a large scale, effectively an industrial scale for preparative purposes, or on some intermediate scale.
  10
  11 ==Complete and incomplete separation==
  12 Types of separation, separations require total purification, as in the [[Hall–Héroult process|electrolysis refining]] of [[bauxite]] ore for [[aluminum]] metal, but a good example of an incomplete separation technique is [[petroleum|oil]] refining. Crude oil occurs naturally as a mixture of various [[hydrocarbon]]s and impurities. The refining process splits this mixture into other, more valuable mixtures such as [[natural gas]], [[gasoline]] and [[Oil#Chemical feedstock|chemical feedstocks]], none of which are pure substances, but each of which must be separated from the raw crude. In both of these cases, a series of separations is necessary to obtain the desired end products. In the case of oil refining, crude is subjected to a long series of individual [[distillation]] steps, each of which produces a different product or intermediate
  13
  14 ==Separating liquids==
  15 Separators are used to divide liquids. Vertically supported centrifuges are built with flying bearings. A separator is a continuous sedimentation [[centrifuge]]. Both exit streams are continuously discharged, using a pump (under pressure) or pressure-free. The solid material can be discharged discontinuously (chamber drum, solid-walled disc drum), pseudo continuously (self-cleaning disc drum) or continuously (nozzle drum). The drum is the centerpiece of the separator, in which the separation process takes place. There are two types of drums: the chamber drum (known as chamber separators) and the disc drum (known as [[Conical plate centrifuge|disc separators]]). The power transmission on the spindle and thereby on the drum can take place by using one of the three drive motors: helical gears, a belt drive or direct drive, via a special motor. The sealing of the separators is differentiated into four types: open, semi-closed, hydro-hermetic (sealing of the product space) or fully [[Airtight|hermetic]] (absolute airtight).
  16
  17 ==List of separation techniques==
  18 *[[Sponge]], adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface
  19 *[[Centrifugation]] and [[cyclonic separation]], separates based on density differences
  20 *[[Chelation]]
  21 *[[Filtration]]
  22
  23 ===Chromatography===
  24 [[Chromatography]] separates dissolved substances by different interaction with (i.e., travel through) a material.
  25 *[[High-performance liquid chromatography]] (HPLC)
  26 *[[Thin-layer chromatography]] (TLC)
  27 *[[Countercurrent chromatography]] (CCC)
  28 *[[Droplet countercurrent chromatography]] (DCC)
  29 *[[Paper chromatography]]
  30 *[[Ion chromatography]]
  31 *[[Size-exclusion chromatography]]
  32 *[[Affinity chromatography]]
  33 *[[Centrifugal partition chromatography]]
  34 *[[Gas chromatography]] and [[Inverse gas chromatography]]
  35
  36 *[[Crystallization]]
  37 *[[Decantation]]
  38 *[[Demister (vapor)]], removes liquid droplets from gas streams
  39 *[[Distillation]], used for mixtures of liquids with different boiling points
  40 *[[Drying]], removes liquid from a solid by vaporization or evaporation
  41
  42 ===Electrophoresis===
  43 [[Electrophoresis]], separates organic molecules based on their different interaction with a [[gel]] under an electric potential (i.e., different travel)
  44 *[[Capillary electrophoresis]]
  45
  46 *[[Electrostatic separation]], works on the principle of corona discharge, where two plates are placed close together and high voltage is applied. This high voltage is used to separate the ionized particles.
  47 *[[Elutriation]]
  48 *[[Evaporation]]
  49
  50 ===Extraction===
  51 *[[Extraction (chemistry)|Extraction]]
  52 **[[Leaching (chemistry)|Leaching]]
  53 **[[Liquid-liquid extraction]]
  54 **[[Solid phase extraction]]
  55 **[[Supercritical fluid extraction]]
  56 **[[Subcritical fluid extration]]
  57
  58 *[[Field flow fractionation]]
  59
  60 ===Flotation===
  61 *[[Froth flotation|Flotation]]
  62 **[[Dissolved air flotation]], removes suspended solids non-selectively from slurry by bubbles that are generated by air coming out of solution
  63 **[[Froth flotation]], recovers valuable, hydrophobic solids by attachment to air bubbles generated by mechanical agitation of an air-slurry mixture, which floats, and are recovered
  64 **[[Deinking]], separating hydrophobic ink particles from the hydrophilic paper pulp in [[paper recycling]]
  65
  66 *[[Flocculation]], separates a solid from a liquid in a colloid, by use of a flocculant, which promotes the solid clumping into flocs
  67 *[[Filtration]] – [[Mesh]], bag and paper filters are used to remove large particulates suspended in fluids (e.g., [[fly ash]]) while [[Membrane technology|membrane processes]] including [[microfiltration]], [[ultrafiltration]], [[nanofiltration]], [[reverse osmosis]], [[dialysis (biochemistry)]] utilising [[synthetic membrane]]s, separates [[micrometre]]-sized or smaller species
  68 *[[Fractional distillation]]
  69 *[[Fractional freezing]]
  70 *[[API oil-water separator|Oil-water separation]], gravimetrically separates suspended oil droplets from waste water in [[oil refinery|oil refineries]], [[petrochemical]] and [[chemical plant]]s, [[natural gas processing]] plants and similar industries
  71 *[[Magnetic separation]]
  72 *[[Precipitation (chemistry)|Precipitation]]
  73 *[[Recrystallization (chemistry)|Recrystallization]]
  74 *[[Scrubber|Scrubbing]], separation of particulates (solids) or gases from a gas stream using liquid.
  75 *[[Sedimentation]], separates using vocal density pressure differences
  76 **[[Gravity separation]]
  77 *[[Sieving]]
  78 *[[Stripping (chemistry)|Stripping]]
  79 *[[Sublimation (physics)|Sublimation]]
  80 *[[Souders-Brown equation|Vapor-liquid separation]], separates by gravity, based on the Souders-Brown equation
  81 *[[Winnowing]]
  82 *[[Zone refining]]
  83
  84 ==See also==
  85 *{{annotated link|Analytical chemistry}}
  86 *{{annotated link|High-performance liquid chromatography}}
  87 *{{annotated link|Unit operation}}
  88 *{{annotated link|Filtration}}
  89
  90 ==References==
  91 {{Reflist}}
  92
  93 ==Further reading==
  94 * {{cite report|author=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|year=2019|title=A Research Agenda for Transforming Separation Science|place=Washington, DC|publisher=The National Academies Press|doi=10.17226/25421}}
  95
  96 ==External links==
  97 *[http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=96&cnt=1 Separation of Mixtures Using Different Techniques], instructions for performing classroom experiments
  98 *[http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=39&cnt=1 Separation of Components of a Mixture], instructions for performing classroom experiments
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 100
 101 {{Separation processes}}
 102 {{Analytical chemistry}}
 103 {{Branches of chemistry}}
 104 {{Authority control}}
 105
 106 [[Category:Analytical chemistry]]
 107 [[Category:Unit operations]]
 108 [[Category:Separation processes]]