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{{Short description|American political economist (1933–2012)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox economist
| name             = Elinor Ostrom
| school_tradition = [[New institutional economics]]
| image            = Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-30.jpg
| caption          = Ostrom in 2009
| birth_name       = Elinor Claire Awan
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1933|8|7|mf=yes}}
| birth_place      = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2012|6|12|1933|8|7|mf=yes}}
| death_place      = [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], [[Indiana]], U.S.
| nationality      = [[United States|American]]
| citizenship      = United States
| field             = {{unbulleted list |[[Public economics]] | [[Common-pool resource]] | [[Public choice theory]]}}
| alma_mater       = [[UCLA]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| doctoral_advisor = Dwaine Marvick
| doctoral_students=
| contributions    = {{unbulleted list | [[Institutional analysis|Institutional Analysis and Development framework]] | ''Governing the [[Commons]]''}}
| awards           = {{unbulleted list |{{small|2009}} [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Memorial Prize]] | {{small|2004}} [[John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science|John J. Carty Award]] | {{longitem|{{small|2001}} [[United States National Academy of Sciences|US National Academy of Sciences electee]]}} |{{longitem|{{small|1999}} [[Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science]]}} }}
| institution      = {{unbulleted list |[[Indiana University]] | [[Arizona State University]] | [[Virginia Tech]] | [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]}}
| spouses          = Charles Scott<br />{{longitem|[[Vincent Ostrom]] {{small|(1963–2012; her death)}}}}
| repec_prefix      = e
| repec_id         = pos55
}}

'''Elinor Claire''' "'''Lin'''" '''Ostrom''' (née '''Awan'''; August 7, 1933 – June 12, 2012) was an American [[Political science|political scientist]] and [[Political economy|political economist]]<ref>{{cite news |title=No Panaceas! Elinor Ostrom talks with Fran Korten |date=March 18, 2010 |url=http://shareable.net/blog/no-panaceas-a-qa-with-elinor-ostrom |newspaper=Shareable: Civic System |access-date=February 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216033008/http://www.shareable.net/blog/no-panaceas-a-qa-with-elinor-ostrom |archive-date=February 16, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="nature-obit">{{Cite journal |last1=Janssen |first1=M. A. |title=Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012) |doi=10.1038/487172a |journal=Nature |volume=487 |issue=7406 |page=172 |year=2012 |pmid=22785305 |bibcode=2012Natur.487..172J |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=R. K. |title=Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012) |doi=10.1126/science.1227725 |journal=Science |volume=337 |issue=6095 |pages=661 |year=2012 |pmid=22879496 |bibcode=2012Sci...337..661W |s2cid=206544072 }}</ref> whose work was associated with [[New institutional economics|New Institutional Economics]] and the resurgence of [[political economy]].<ref>{{cite book |author1-last=Aligica |author1-first=Paul Dragos |author2-last=Boettke |author2-first=Peter |year=2010 |chapter=Ostrom, Elinor |title=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |edition=Online |chapter-url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2010_O000109|title-link=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics }}</ref> In 2009, she was awarded the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] for her "analysis of economic governance, especially [[the commons]]", which she shared with [[Oliver E. Williamson]]. She was [[List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics|the first woman]] to win the Nobel Prize in Economics.<ref>{{cite web |url=//www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women/ |title=Nobel Prize Awarded Women |access-date=14 October 2019 }}</ref>

After graduating with a B.A. and Ph.D. in political science from [[UCLA]], Ostrom lived in [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], [[Indiana]], and served on the faculty of [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]], with a late-career affiliation with [[Arizona State University]]. She was a Distinguished Professor at Indiana University and the [[Arthur F. Bentley]] Professor of Political Science and co-director of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, as well as research professor and the founding director of the Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at [[Arizona State University]] in [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ru.nl/english/news-agenda/news/vm/2017/december/elinor-ostrom-building-nijmegen-school-management/|title=Elinor Ostrom building for Nijmegen School of Management|work=Radboud University|access-date=2018-02-03|language=nl-NL}}</ref> She was a lead researcher for the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM CRSP), managed by [[Virginia Tech]] and funded by [[USAID]].<ref name="Researcher for Virginia Tech program wins Nobel Prize">{{cite web |url=http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2009/10/2009-789.html |title=Researcher for Virginia Tech program wins Nobel Prize |publisher=Virginia Tech |access-date=January 2, 2011}}</ref> Beginning in 2008, she and her husband [[Vincent Ostrom]] advised the journal ''Transnational Corporations Review''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transnational Corporations Review |newspaper=Taylor & Francis|url=http://www.tnc-online.net/page/2010NO2/index.php}}</ref>

Since the 60s, Ostrom was involved in resource management policy and created a research center, which attracted scientists from different disciplines from around the world. Working and teaching at her center was created on the principle of a workshop, rather than a university with lectures and a strict hierarchy.

Ostrom studied the interaction of people and ecosystems for many years and showed that the use of exhaustible resources by groups of people (communities, cooperatives, trusts, trade unions) can be rational and prevent depletion of the resource without either [[State (polity)|state]] intervention or [[Market (economics)|markets]] with [[private property]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action |last=Ostrom |first=Elinor |year=1990 |pages=1–3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-40599-7}}</ref>

== Personal life and education ==
Elinor Claire Awan was born in [[Los Angeles, California]] as the only child of Leah Hopkins, a musician, and Adrian Awan, a set designer.<ref name="Leonard">{{cite news |last=Leonard |first=Mike |title=Nobel winner Elinor Ostrom is a gregarious teacher who loves to solve problems |date=6 December 2009 |newspaper=The Herald-Times |location=Bloomington, Indiana |url=http://ww.heraldtimesonline.com//stories/2009/12/06/news.qp-7916285.sto?code=d9341e1a-e395-11e4-a7e0-10604b9f2f2e |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415173651/http://ww.heraldtimesonline.com//stories/2009/12/06/news.qp-7916285.sto?code=d9341e1a-e395-11e4-a7e0-10604b9f2f2e |archive-date=April 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="TelegraphObit">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9329881/Elinor-Ostrom.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9329881/Elinor-Ostrom.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Elinor Ostrom |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=15 April 2015 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Her parents separated early in her life, and Elinor lived with her mother most of the time.<ref name="Wall">{{cite book |last=Wall |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Wall |title=The Sustainable Economics of Elinor Ostrom: Commons, Contestation and Craft |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> She attended a [[Protestant]] church with her mother and often spent weekends with her father's Jewish family.<ref name="Leonard" /><ref>{{cite news |title=The story of non-economist Elinor Ostrom |date=December 9, 2009 |url=http://www.swedishwire.com/business/1985-the-story-of-non-economist-elinor-ostrom |newspaper=The Swedish Wire |access-date=June 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214213925/http://www.swedishwire.com/business/1985-the-story-of-non-economist-elinor-ostrom |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Growing up in the post-Depression era to divorced artisans, Ostrom described herself as a "poor kid."<ref name="Wall" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Elinor Ostrom |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21557717 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=30 August 2012}}</ref> Her major recreational activity was swimming, where she eventually joined a swimming team and swam competitively until she started teaching swimming to earn funds to help put herself through college.<ref name="Elinor Ostrom – Biographical">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2009/ostrom-bio.html|title=Elinor Ostrom – Biographical|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>

Ostrom grew up across the street from [[Beverly Hills High School]], which she attended, graduating in 1951.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Elinor Ostrom : an intellectual biography|last=Vlad|first=Tarko|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78348-588-8|location=London|oclc=965120114}}</ref>
She regarded this as fortunate, for the school had a very high rate of college admittance. During Ostrom's junior year, she was encouraged to join the debate team. Learning debate tactics had an important impact on her ways of thinking. It allowed her to realize there are two sides to public policy and it is imperative to have quality arguments for both sides.<ref name="Elinor Ostrom – Biographical"/> As a high school student, Elinor Ostrom had been discouraged from studying trigonometry, as girls without top marks in algebra and geometry were not allowed to take the subject. No one in her immediate family had any college experience, but seeing that 90% of students in her high school attended college, she saw it as the "normal" thing to do.<ref name="Elinor Ostrom – Biographical"/> Her mother did not wish for her to attend college, seeing no reason for it.<ref name=":0" />

She attended UCLA, receiving a B.A. (with honors) in [[political science]] at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] in 1954.<ref name="NAS">{{cite book |author1-last=McKay |author1-first=Bonnie J. |author2-last=Bennett |author2-first=Joan |title=Biographical Memoir of Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012) |date=2014 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/ostrom-elinor.pdf |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> By attending multiple summer sessions and extra classes throughout semesters, she was able to graduate in three years. She worked at the library, dime store and bookstore in order to pay her fees which were $50 per semester.<ref name="Elinor Ostrom – Biographical"/>
She married a classmate, Charles Scott, and worked at [[General Radio]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], while Scott attended [[Harvard Law School]].<ref name="Leonard" /> They divorced several years later when Ostrom began contemplating a Ph.D.<ref name="Leonard" /><ref name="Harford">{{cite news |last=Harford |first=Tim |title=Do You Believe in Sharing? |date=30 August 2013 |newspaper=Financial Times |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/afc5377e-1026-11e3-a258-00144feabdc0.html |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715022258/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/afc5377e-1026-11e3-a258-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=July 15, 2014}}</ref> After graduation, she had trouble finding a job because employers presumed that she was only looking for jobs as a teacher or secretary. She began a job as an export clerk after taking a correspondence course for shorthand, which she later found to be helpful when taking notes in face-to-face interviews on research projects. After a year, she obtained a position as assistant personnel manager in a business firm that had never before hired a woman in anything but a secretarial position. This job inspired her to think about attending graduate-level courses and eventually applying for a research assistantship and admission to a Ph.D. program.<ref name="Elinor Ostrom – Biographical"/>

Lacking any math from her undergraduate education and trigonometry from high school, she was consequently rejected for an economics Ph.D. program at UCLA.<ref>Elinor Ostrom. https://www.ubs.com/microsites/nobel-perspectives/en/elinor-ostrom.html in UBS Nobel Perspectives interview, 2009.</ref> She was admitted to UCLA's graduate program in political science, where she was awarded an M.A. in 1962 and a Ph.D. in 1965.<ref name="NAS" /> The teams of graduate students she was involved with were analyzing the political economic effects of a group of groundwater basins in Southern California. Specifically, Ostrom was assigned to look at the West Basin. She found it is very difficult to manage a common-pool resource when it is used between individuals.<ref name="Elinor Ostrom – Biographical"/> The locals were pumping too much groundwater and salt water seeped into the basin. Ostrom was impressed with how people from conflicting and overlapping jurisdictions who depended on that source found incentives to settle contradictions and solve the problem. She made the study of this collaboration the topic of her dissertation, laying the foundation for the study of "shared resources". The postgraduate seminar was led by [[Vincent Ostrom]], an associate professor of political science, 14 years her senior, whom she married in 1963. This marked the beginning of a lifelong partnership named "love and contestation," as Ostrom put it in her dedication to her seminal 1990 book, ''Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Burke|first=Maureen|date=September 2011|title=People in Economics. The Master Artisan.|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/09/pdf/people.pdf|journal=Finance & Development|pages=2–5}}</ref>

In 1961 Vincent Ostrom, Charles Tiebout, and Robert Warren published "The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas," which would go on to be an influential article and introduced themes that would be central to the Ostroms' work.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ostrom|first=Elinor|date=2010|title=A Long Polycentric Journey|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.090808.123259|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the article aggravated a conflict with UCLA's Bureau of Governmental Research because, counter to the Bureau's interests, it advised against centralization of metropolitan areas in favor of [[wikt:polycentric|polycentrism]]. This conflict prompted the Ostroms to leave UCLA.<ref name=":0"/> They moved to [[Bloomington, Indiana]], in 1965, when Vincent accepted a political science professorship at Indiana University.<ref name="Woo">{{cite news |last=Woo |first=Elaine |title=Elinor Ostrom dies at 78; first woman to win Nobel in economics |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=13 June 2012 |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/13/local/la-me-elinor-ostrom-20120613 |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> She joined the faculty as a visiting assistant professor. The first course she taught was an evening class on American government.<ref name="Leonard" /><ref name="Zagorski">{{cite journal |last=Zagorski |first=Nick |title=Profile of Elinor Ostrom |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2006 |volume=103 |issue=51 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0609919103 |pmid=17164324 |pmc=1748208 |pages=19221–19223|bibcode=2006PNAS..10319221Z |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Career ==
Ostrom was richly informed by fieldwork, both her own and that of others. During her PhD at the University of California, Los Angeles, she spent years studying the water wars and pumping races going on in the 1950s in her own dry backyard. In contrast to the prevailing rational-economic predictions of [[Malthusianism]] and the [[tragedy of the commons]], she showed cases where humans were not trapped and helpless amid diminishing supplies. In her book ''[[Governing the Commons]]'', she draws on studies of irrigation systems in Spain and Nepal, mountain villages in Switzerland and Japan, and fisheries in Maine and Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-30 |title=Elinor Ostrom |language=en |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21557717 |access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>

Ostrom is probably best known for revisiting the so-called “[[tragedy of the commons]]" – a theory proposed by biologist [[Garrett Hardin]] in 1968.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderies |first1=John M. |last2=Janssen |first2=Marco A. |title=Elinor Ostrom (1933–2012): Pioneer in the Interdisciplinary Science of Coupled Social-Ecological Systems |journal=PLOS Biology |date=16 October 2012 |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=e1001405 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001405 |pmc=3473022|doi-access=free }}</ref> <blockquote>"In an article by the same name published in the journal Science, Hardin theorized that if each herdsman sharing a piece of common grazing land made the individually rational economic decision of increasing the number of cattle he keeps on the land, the collective effect would deplete or destroy the commons. In other words, multiple individuals—acting independently and rationally consulting their own self-interest—will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource, even when it is clear that it is not in anyone’s long-term interest for this to happen. Ostrom believes that the “tragedy” in such situations isn’t inevitable, as Hardin thought. Instead, if the herders decide to cooperate with one another, monitoring each other’s use of the land and enforcing rules for managing it, they can avoid the tragedy."<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>[[Garrett Hardin]] believes that the most important aspect that we need to realize today is the need to abandon the principle of shared resources in reproduction. A possible alternative to the [[tragedy of the commons]] (shared needs) was described in Elinor Ostrom's book "Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action". Based on her fieldwork, the book demonstrates that there are practical algorithms for the collective use of a limited common resource, which solve the many issues with both government/regulation driven solutions and market-based ones. [[File:SPEA.jpg|thumb|School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University in Bloomington, where Ostrom taught.]]In 1973, Ostrom and her husband founded the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop |title=The Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis |publisher=Indiana.edu |access-date=October 13, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007083917/http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/ |archive-date=October 7, 2009}}</ref> Examining the use of [[collective action]], [[trust (sociology)|trust]], and [[cooperation]] in the management of [[common pool resources]] (CPR), her institutional approach to public policy, known as the [[Institutional analysis and development framework]] (IAD), has been considered sufficiently distinct to be thought of as a separate school of [[public choice theory]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=W. C. |title=Virginia, Rochester, and Bloomington: Twenty-five years of public choice and political science |doi=10.1007/BF00115751 |journal=Public Choice |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=101–119 |year=1988 |s2cid=153671519 }}</ref> She authored many books in the fields of [[organizational theory]], [[political science]], and [[public administration]]. Elinor Ostrom was a dedicated scholar until the very end of her life. Indeed, on the day before she died, she sent e-mail messages to at least two different sets of coauthors about papers that she was writing with them. She was the chief scientific advisor for the International Council for Science (ICSU) Planet Under Pressure meeting in London in March, and [[Johan Rockström]] of the Stockholm Resilience Centre wrote that<blockquote>"Lin, up until the very end, was heavily involved in our preparations for the Nobel laureate dialogues on global sustainability we will be hosting in Rio 17th and 18th of June during the UN Rio+20 Earth Summit. In the end, she decided she could not come in person, but was contributing sharp, enthusiastically charged, inputs, in the way only she could."<ref name="Arrow 13135–13136">{{Cite journal|last1=Arrow|first1=Kenneth J.|last2=Keohane|first2=Robert O.|last3=Levin|first3=Simon A.|date=2012-08-14|title=Elinor Ostrom: An uncommon woman for the commons|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=109|issue=33|pages=13135–13136|doi=10.1073/pnas.1210827109|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3421197|bibcode=2012PNAS..10913135A|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2009/ostrom/facts/ "Ostrom Facts"], Nobel Prize.org</ref></blockquote>

It was long unanimously held among economists that natural resources that were collectively used by their users would be over-exploited and destroyed in the long-term. Elinor Ostrom disproved this idea by conducting field studies on how people in small, local communities manage shared natural resources, such as pastures, fishing waters and forests. She showed that when natural resources are jointly used by their users, in time, rules are established for how these are to be cared for and they become used in a way that is both economically and ecologically sustainable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2009/ostrom/facts/|title=Elinor Ostrom – Facts|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref>

Elinor Ostrom was appointed Professor of Political Science in 1974. She was the head of the department from 1980 to 1984, and then held the Arthur F. Bentley Chair of Political Science<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Holland |first1=Guillaume |last2=Sene |first2=Omar |date=2010-09-01 |title=Elinor Ostrom et la Gouvernance Economique |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/redp.203.0441 |journal=Revue d'économie politique |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=441–452 |doi=10.3917/redp.203.0441 |issn=0373-2630}}</ref>

She was senior research director of the Vincent and Elinor Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Distinguished Professor and Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science in the College of Arts and Sciences, and professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elinorostrom.com/|title=Elinor Ostrom, 2009 Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences: Indiana University|website=www.elinorostrom.com|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> The Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis was meant to utilize diverse scholars throughout economics, political science, and other fields to collaborate and attempt to understand how institutional arrangements in a diverse set of ecological and social economic political settings affected behavior and outcomes. The goal was not to fly around the world collecting data, rather it is to create a network of scholars who live in particular areas of the world and had strong interests in forest conditions and forest policy conducted the studies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2009/ostrom/biographical/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref>

Ostrom's innovative and ground-breaking research was supported by [[National Science Foundation]], the [[Andrew W. Mellon Foundation|Andrew Mellon Foundation]], the Hynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the [[MacArthur Foundation]], the [[Ford Foundation]], the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], U.S.A.I.D., the [[United States Geological Survey|U.S. Geological Survey]], the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], and the [[National Institute of Mental Health]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=McCay; Bennett|title=Elinor Ostrom. Biographical Memoirs|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|year=2014|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/ostrom-elinor.pdf}}</ref>

Ostrom has been involved in international activities throughout her long and productive career. She had experience in Kenya, Nepal and Nigeria, and also made research trips to Australia, Bolivia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines, Poland and Zimbabwe. During workshops and research grants, she and her husband supported many international students, and visited researchers and policymakers. They did not have children of their own and used personal funds and efforts to receive grants to help others. In a 2010 interview, Ostrom noted that because they had no family to support, “I was not ever concerned about salary, so that’s never been an issue for me. For some colleagues who have big families, and all the rest, it’s a major issue.” <ref name=":2" />

Ostrom was a founding member and first president of the [[International Association for the Study of the Commons|IASC (International Association for the Study of the Commons)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iasc-commons.org/about-commons/|title=About the Commons|access-date=2021-06-09}}</ref>

== Research ==
Ostrom's early work emphasized the role of public choice on decisions influencing the production of public goods and services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/volume2.html |title=Polycentricity and Local Public Economies |access-date=2013-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403071654/http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/volume2.html |archive-date=April 3, 2013}}</ref> Among her better known works in this area is her study on the polycentricity of police functions in [[Indianapolis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ostrom|first1=Elinor|last2=Parks|first2=Roger B.|last3=Whitaker|first3=Gordon P.|pages=423–432|date=1973|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/reprints/R73_4.pdf |title=Do We Really Want to Consolidate Urban Police Forces? A Reappraisal of Some Old Assertions |journal=Public Administration Review|volume=33|issue=5|access-date=February 8, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102151203/http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/reprints/R73_4.pdf |archive-date=November 2, 2012|doi=10.2307/974306|jstor=974306}}</ref> Caring for the commons had to be a multiple task, organised from the ground up and shaped to cultural norms. It had to be discussed face to face, and based on trust. Dr. Ostrom, besides poring over satellite data and quizzing lobstermen herself, enjoyed employing game theory to try to predict the behaviour of people faced with limited resources. In her Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University—set up with her husband Vincent, a political scientist, in 1973—her students were given shares in a national common. When they discussed what they should do before they did it, their rate of return from their "investments" more than doubled. Her later, and more famous, work focused on how humans interact with [[ecosystem]]s to maintain long-term sustainable resource yields. Common pool resources include many forests, fisheries, oil fields, grazing lands, and irrigation systems. She conducted her field studies on the management of pasture by locals in [[Africa]] and irrigation systems management in villages of western [[Nepal]] (e.g., [[Dang Deukhuri District|Dang Deukhuri]]). Her work has considered how societies have developed diverse [[Institution|institutional arrangements]] for [[Natural resource management|managing natural resources]] and avoiding [[ecosystem collapse]] in many cases, even though some arrangements have failed to prevent resource exhaustion. Her work emphasized the multifaceted nature of human–ecosystem interaction and argues against any singular "panacea" for individual [[social ecological model|social-ecological system]] problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByXM47Ri1Kc | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/ByXM47Ri1Kc| archive-date=2021-11-18 | url-status=live|title=Beyond the tragedy of the commons |publisher=Stockholm Whiteboard Seminars |date=2009-04-03 |access-date=2013-03-23}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Design principles for Common Pool Resource (CPR) institution===
Ostrom identified eight "design principles" of stable local common pool resource management:<ref>{{cite book |title=Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action |last=Ostrom |first=Elinor |year=1990 |pages=90, 91–102 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-40599-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Big Think|title=Ending The Tragedy of The Commons|date=2012-04-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qr5Q3VvpI7w| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/Qr5Q3VvpI7w| archive-date=2021-11-18 | url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-25}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

# Clearly defining the group boundaries (and effective exclusion of external un-entitled parties) and the contents of the common pool resource;
# The appropriation and provision of common resources that are adapted to local conditions;
# Collective-choice arrangements that allow most resource appropriators to participate in the decision-making process;
# Effective monitoring by monitors who are part of or accountable to the appropriators;
# A scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who violate community rules;
# Mechanisms of conflict resolution that are cheap and of easy access;
# Self-determination of the community recognized by higher-level authorities; and
# In the case of larger common-pool resources, organization in the form of multiple layers of nested enterprises, with small local CPRs at the base level.

These principles have since been slightly modified and expanded to include a number of additional variables believed to affect the success of [[Self-organized#Self-organization in human society|self-organized governance systems]], including effective communication, [[Trust (social sciences)|internal trust]] and [[Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)|reciprocity]], and the nature of the resource system as a whole.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Poteete, Janssen |author2=Elinor Ostrom |title=Working Together: Collective Action, the Commons, and Multiple Methods in Practice |year=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>

Ostrom and her many co-researchers have developed a comprehensive "[[Socio-ecological system|Social-Ecological Systems]] (SES) framework", within which much of the still-evolving theory of common-pool resources and collective [[self-governance]] is now located.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ostrom |first1=E. |author-link1=Elinor Ostrom |title=A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems |doi=10.1126/science.1172133 |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5939 |pages=419–422 |year=2009 |pmid=19628857 |bibcode=2009Sci...325..419O |hdl=11059/14638 |s2cid=39710673 }}</ref>

===Environmental protection===
According to the [[Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research]], "Ostrom cautioned against single governmental units at global level to solve the collective action problem of coordinating work against [[environmental destruction]]. Partly, this is due to their complexity, and partly to the diversity of actors involved. Her proposal was that of a polycentric approach, where key management decisions should be made as close to the scene of events and the actors involved as possible." Ostrom helped disprove the idea held by economists that natural resources would be over-used and destroyed in the long run. Elinor Ostrom disproved this idea by conducting field studies on how people in small, local communities manage shared natural resources, such as pastures, fishing waters in Maine and Indonesia, and forests in Nepal. She showed that when natural resources are jointly managed by their users, in time, rules are established for how these are to be cared for and used in a way that is both economically and ecologically sustainable.<ref>Vedeld, Trond. 2010, February 12. [http://blog.nibrinternational.no/#post9 "A New Global Game – And How Best to Play It,"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015615/http://blog.nibrinternational.no/#post9 |date=June 24, 2016 }} ''The NIBR International Blog''.</ref>

===Ostrom's law===
'''Ostrom's law''' is an [[adage]] that represents how Elinor Ostrom's works in [[economics]] challenge previous theoretical frameworks and assumptions about [[property]], especially the [[commons]]. Ostrom's detailed analyses of functional examples of the commons create an alternative view of the arrangement of [[resources]] that are both practically and theoretically possible. This [[eponymous law]] is stated succinctly by Lee Anne Fennell as:

<blockquote>A resource arrangement that works in practice can work in theory.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Lee Anne |last1=Fennell |title=Ostrom's Law: Property rights in the commons |url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/URN%3ANBN%3ANL%3AUI%3A10-1-101330 |journal=International Journal of the Commons |date=Mar 2011 |issn=1875-0281 |pages=9–27 |volume=5 |issue=1 |access-date=16 February 2015 |doi=10.18352/ijc.252|doi-access=free }}</ref></blockquote>

== Awards and recognition ==
Ostrom was a member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Zagorski" /> a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Elinor+Ostrom&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-05-24|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> and president of the [[American Political Science Association]] and the Public Choice Society. In 1999, she became the first woman to receive the prestigious [[Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science – Prize Winners |url=http://skytteprize.statsvet.uu.se/PrizeWinners/tabid/1953/language/en-US/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314212229/http://skytteprize.statsvet.uu.se/PrizeWinners/tabid/1953/language/en-US/Default.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Ostrom was awarded the Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award for Political Economy in 1998. Her presented paper, on "The Comparative Study of Public Economies",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/seidmanweb.htm |title=Frank E. Seidman Award: Acceptance Paper |access-date=2013-02-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212155120/http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/seidmanweb.htm |archive-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref> was followed by a discussion among [[Kenneth Arrow]], [[Thomas Schelling]], and [[Amartya Sen]]. She was awarded the [[John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science|John J. Carty Award]] from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] in 2004,<ref name="Carty">{{cite web |title=John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science |url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_carty |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=February 25, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229180532/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_carty <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=December 29, 2010}}</ref> and, in 2005, received the James Madison Award by the American Political Science Association. In 2008, she became the first woman to receive the [[William H. Riker]] Prize in political science; and, the following year, she received the Tisch Civic Engagement Research Prize from the [[Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service]] at [[Tufts University]]. In 2010, the ''[[Utne Reader]]'' magazine included Ostrom as one of the "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World".<ref name="utne">{{cite journal |title=Elinor Ostrom: The Commoner |date=October 13, 2010 |url=http://www.utne.com/Politics/Utne-Reader-Visionaries-Elinor-Ostrom-Commons.aspx |publisher=Utne Reader |access-date=October 19, 2010}}</ref> She was named one of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World" in 2012.

The [[International Institute of Social Studies]] (ISS) awarded its Honorary Fellowship to her in 2002.[[File:Announcement Nobelprize Economics 2009-5.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=4|Telephone interview with Elinor Ostrom]]In 2008 she was awarded an [[honorary degree]], doctor honoris causa, at the [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntnu.edu/phd/honorary-doctors |title=Honorary doctors at NTNU |publisher=Norwegian University of Science and Technology}}</ref>

In July 2019, Indiana University Bloomington announced that as part of their Bridging the Visibility Gap initiative, a statue of Ostrom would be placed outside of the building which houses the university's political science department.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bloomington |first1=Inside IU |title=Around IU Bloomington |url=https://news.iu.edu/stories/2019/07/iub/inside/09-news-roundup.html |website=News at IU |access-date=27 August 2019 |language=en |date=9 July 2019}}</ref>

===Nobel Prize in Economics===
In 2009, Ostrom became the first woman to receive the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]. The [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] cited Ostrom "for her analysis of economic governance", saying her work had demonstrated how [[common property]] could be successfully managed by groups using it. Ostrom and [[Oliver E. Williamson]] shared the 10-million [[Swedish krona|Swedish kronor]] (€990,000; $1.44&nbsp;million) prize for their separate work in [[economic governance]].<ref name="bbc_20091012_ostromprize">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8302662.stm |title=First woman wins economics Nobel  |website=BBC News  |date=12 October 2009  |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021193547/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8302662.stm |archive-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> As she had done with previous monetary prizes, Ostrom donated her award to the Workshop she helped to found.<ref name="Wall" /><ref name="Arrow">{{cite journal |author1-last=Arrow |author1-first=Kenneth |author1-link=Kenneth Arrow |author2-last=Keohane |author2-first=Robert O. |author2-link=Robert O. Keohane |author3-last=Levin |author3-first=Simon A. |author3-link=Simon A. Levin |title=Elinor Ostrom: An Uncommon Woman for The Commons |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=2012 |volume=109 |issue=33 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1210827109 |pages=13135–13136|pmc=3421197 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10913135A |doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Group Photo (4171912803).jpg|left|thumb|Elinor Ostrom with the other 2009 Nobel laureates]]
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Ostrom's "research brought this topic from the fringe to the forefront of scientific attention...by showing how common resources—forests, [[fisheries]], [[oil fields]] or [[Grazing|grazing land]]s—can be managed successfully by the people who use them rather than by governments or private companies". Ostrom's work in this regard challenged [[conventional wisdom]], showing that common resources can be successfully managed without [[government regulation]] or [[privatization]].<ref name="NYTObit">{{cite news |last=Rampell |first=Catherine |title=Elinor Ostrom, Winner of Nobel in Economics, Dies at 78 |newspaper=New York Times |date=13 June 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/business/elinor-ostrom-winner-of-nobel-in-economics-dies-at-78.html |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref>

In awarding Ostrom the Nobel Prize for the Analysis of Economic Governance, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noted that her work "teaches us novel lessons about the deep mechanisms that sustain cooperation in human societies." Even if Ostrom's selection (along with co-recipient Oliver Williamson of the University of California, Berkeley) seemed odd to some, others saw it as an appropriate reaction to free-market inefficiencies highlighted by the 2008 financial crisis.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
Ostrom was diagnosed with [[pancreatic cancer]] in October 2011.<ref>{{cite news |author=Daniel Cole |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/13/elinor-ostrom |title=obituary |newspaper=Guardian |date=June 13, 2012 |access-date=2013-03-23 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stateimpact.npr.org/indiana/2012/06/13/how-iu-nobel-laureate-elinor-ostrom-changed-the-world/ |last=Stokes |first=Kyle |title=How IU Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom Changed the World |website=StateImpact |publisher=Indiana Public Media |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> During the final year of her life, she continued to write and lecture, giving the [[Hayek Lecture]] at the [[Institute of Economic Affairs]] just eleven weeks before her death.<ref name="Wall" /> She died at 6:40&nbsp;a.m. Tuesday, June 12, 2012, at IU Health Bloomington Hospital at the age of 78.<ref name="auto"/> On the day of her death, she published her last article, "Green from the Grassroots," in [[Project Syndicate]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jessop |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Jessop |title=Introduction to Elinor Ostrom |website=Beyond Ostrom |url=http://beyondostrom.blog.rosalux.de/files/2013/07/I-2013a-Introduction-to-Ostrom.pdf |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ostrom |first=Elinor |title=Green from the Grassroots |url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/green-from-the-grassroots |publisher=Project Syndicate|date=2012-06-12 }}</ref> [[Indiana University]] president Michael McRobbie wrote: "Indiana University has lost an irreplaceable and magnificent treasure with the passing of Elinor Ostrom".<ref>{{cite news |title=Elinor Ostrom, Only Female Nobel Laureate in Economics, Dies |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2012/06/12/elinor-ostrom-only-female-nobel-laureate-in-economics-dies/ |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=12 June 2012}}</ref> Her Indiana colleague Michael McGinnis commented after her death that Ostrom donated her share of the $1.4 million Nobel award money to the Workshop—the biggest, by far, of several academic prizes with monetary awards that the Ostroms had given to the center over the years.<ref name="Arrow 13135–13136"/> Her husband Vincent died 17 days later from complications related to cancer. He was 92.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news-archive/22741.html|title=Distinguished Indiana University scholar Vincent Ostrom dies: IU News Room: Indiana University|website=newsinfo.iu.edu|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book |last=Ostrom |first=Elinor |title=Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-40599-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ostrom |first1=Elinor |last2=Schroeder |first2=Larry |last3=Wynne |first3=Susan |title=Institutional incentives and sustainable development: infrastructure policies in perspective |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8133-1619-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ostrom |first1=Elinor |last2=Walker |first2=James |last3=Gardner |first3=Roy |title=Rules, games, and common-pool resources |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-472-06546-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ostrom |first1=Elinor |last2=Walker |first2=James |title=Trust and reciprocity: interdisciplinary lessons from experimental research |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-87154-647-0}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Samaritan's Dilemma: The Political Economy of Development Aid|last1=Gibson|first1=Clark C.|publisher=Oxford Scholarship Online|year=2005|isbn=978-0-199-27885-5| last2=Andersson|first2=Krister|last3=Ostrom|first3=Elinor|last4=Shivakumar|first4=Sujai}}
* {{cite book |last=Ostrom |first=Elinor |title=Understanding institutional diversity |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-691-12238-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ostrom |first1=Elinor |last2=Kanbur |first2=Ravi |last3=Guha-Khasnobis |first3=Basudeb |author-link2=Ravi Kanbur |title=Linking the formal and informal economy: concepts and policies |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-923729-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ostrom |first1=Elinor |last2=Hess |first2=Charlotte |title=Understanding knowledge as a commons: from theory to practice |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-262-51603-7}}
* {{Cite book|title=Working Together: Collective Action, the Commons, and Multiple Methods in Practice|last1=Ostrom|first1=Elinor|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-691-14604-1|last2=Poteete|first2=Amy R|last3=Janssen|first3=Marco A|location=Princeton}}
* {{Cite book|title=Improving Irrigation in Asia Sustainable Performance of an Innovative Intervention in Nepal|last1=Ostrom|first1=Elinor|publisher=Edward Elgar|year=2011|isbn=978-0-857-93826-8|location=Cheltenham, UK|last2=Lam|first2=Wai Fung|last3=Pradhan|first3=Prachanda|last4=Shivakoti|first4=Ganesh}}
* {{Cite book|title=Property in Land and Other Resources|last1=Cole|first1=Daniel H.|publisher=Lincoln Institute of Land Policy|year=2011|isbn=978-1-55844-228-3|location=Cambridge, MA|last2=Ostrom|first2=Elinor}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Future of the Commons Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulation|last1=Ostrom|first1=Elinor|publisher=The Institute of Economic Affairs|year=2012|isbn=978-0-255-36653-3|location=London|last2=Chang|first2=Christina|last3=Pennington|first3=Mark|last4=Tarko|first4=Vlad}}

=== Chapters in books ===
* {{Citation |last1=Ostrom |first1=Elinor |contribution=Engaging with impossibilities and possibilities |editor-last1=Kanbur |editor-first1=Ravi |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Kaushik |editor-link1=Ravi Kanbur |editor-link2=Kaushik Basu |title=Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen &#124; Volume II: Society, institutions and development |pages=522–541 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-923997-9 |postscript=.}}

=== Journal articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ostrom |first1=Elinor |last2=Crawford |first2=Sue E. S. |title=A grammar of institutions |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=582–600 |doi=10.2307/2082975 |date=September 1995 |jstor=2082975 |s2cid=144457898 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ostrom |first=Elinor |title=A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action: Presidential address, American Political Science Association, 1997 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.2307/2585925 |date=March 1998 |jstor=2585925 |s2cid=140934199 |url=http://vgmu.hse.ru/data/2010/12/31/1208184461/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%205-52.pdf }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ostrom |first1=Elinor |title=A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems |journal=Science |date=24 July 2009 |volume=325 |issue=5939 |pages=419–422 |doi=10.1126/science.1172133|pmid=19628857 |bibcode=2009Sci...325..419O |hdl=11059/14638 |s2cid=39710673 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ostrom |first=Elinor |s2cid=2371158 |title=Beyond markets and states: polycentric governance of complex economic systems |journal=American Economic Review |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=641–672 |doi=10.1257/aer.100.3.641 |date=June 2010 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131105113916/http://bnp.binghamton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Ostrom-2010-Polycentric-Governance.pdf Pdf version.]

== See also ==
* [[Coproduction (public services)|Co-production of public services]] by service users and communities.
* [[Institutional analysis and development framework]] (IAD)
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Aligica |first1=Paul Dragos |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |title=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |chapter-url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n225.xml|year=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n225 |isbn=978-1412965804 |oclc=750831024 |lccn=2008009151 |page=368 |chapter=Ostrom, Vincent and Elinor (1919– and 1933– )}}
* {{cite book |last1=Aligica |first1=Paul Dragos |last2=Boettke |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter_Boettke |title=Challenging Institutional Analysis and Development: The Bloomington School |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0415778206}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Auer |first=Matthew |title=Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms: The Principled Optimism of Elinor Ostrom. |journal=Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=265–271 |doi=10.1080/19390459.2014.941177 |date=August 2014 |s2cid=154060595 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Locher |first=Fabien |title=Third World Pastures. The Historical Roots of the Commons Paradigm (1965–1990) |journal=Quaderni Storici |volume=2016/1 |pages=303–333 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308694416 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Locher |first=Fabien |title=Historicizing Elinor Ostrom: Urban Politics, International Development and Expertise in the U.S. Context (1970–1990) |journal=Theoretical Inquiries in Law |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=533–558 |url=http://www7.tau.ac.il/ojs/index.php/til/article/view/1581 |doi=10.1515/til-2018-0027 |year=2018 |s2cid=158378074 }}
* Ostrom, Vincent and Elinor Ostrom. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091013195015/http://www.mercatus.org/PublicationDetails.aspx?id=15952 "Rethinking Institutional Analysis: Interviews with Vincent and Elinor Ostrom."] By Paul Dragos Aligica. Interview, [http://www.mercatus.org/ Mercatus Center at George Mason University], 2003.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Elinor Ostrom}}{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00f1l78 On Collaboration] Elinor Ostrom speaks on [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004kln9 BBC The Forum]
* [https://ostromworkshop.indiana.edu/ Ostrom Workshop] at [[Indiana University]]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017183218/http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/people/lostromcv.htm Elinor Ostrom Curriculum Vitae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061206013311/http://csid.asu.edu/ Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity] at [[Arizona State University]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120912201804/http://www.shareable.net/blog/no-panaceas-a-qa-with-elinor-ostrom No Panaceas! Elinor Ostrom Talks with Fran Korten]
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture on 8 December 2009 ''Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems''
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100810142539/http://www.heraldtimesonline.com/pages/nobel Elinor Ostrom news, photos and videos] from ''[[The Herald-Times]]'', Bloomington, Indiana.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101204051702/http://www.iss.nl/About-ISS/History/Honorary-Fellows Profile] at the International Institute of Social Studies (ISS).
* Video of [http://www.annualreviews.org/page/audio#ostrom Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with Elinor Ostrom] (2011).
* [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/ostrom-elinor.pdf Bonnie J. McCay and Joan Bennett, "Elinor Ostrom", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2014)]
{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Paul Krugman]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics|Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]] | years = 2009 | alongside = [[Oliver E. Williamson]] }}
{{s-aft | after = [[Peter A. Diamond]] | after2 = [[Dale T. Mortensen]] | after3 = [[Christopher A. Pissarides]] }}
{{s-end}}

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