[BK-2020-09.git] / en.wikipedia.org / Parenthetical_referencing / article.txt

{{short description|Citation system}}
{{Self reference|For usage in Wikipedia, see [[Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing]].}}
{{morefootnotes|date=June 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2021|cs1-dates=y}}
'''Parenthetical referencing''', is a [[Citation#Systems|citation system]] in which [[Inline citations|in-text citations]] are made using [[Bracket#Parentheses|parentheses]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=libguides|first1=liu.cwp|title=Parenthetical Referencing|url=https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|access-date=7 October 2022|website=liu.cwp.libguides.com|publisher=liu.cwp.libguides.com|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.|url-status=live}}</ref> They are usually accompanied by a full, alphabetized list of citations in an end section, usually titled "references", "reference list", "works cited", or "end-text citations".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/chicago2.php|title=Author–date system|work=Chicago Manual of Style, Williams College Libraries|access-date=2010-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pears|first1=R.|last2=Shields|first2=G.|title=Cite them right: the essential referencing guide|year=2008|isbn=978-0-9551216-1-6}}</ref> Parenthetical referencing can be used in lieu of [[Note (typography)|footnote]] citations (the [[Vancouver system]]).

Parenthetical referencing normally uses one of these two [[Citation#Styles|citation styles]]:
* Author–date (also known as Harvard referencing):<ref name="Ruskin">{{cite web|url=http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm|title=Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing (5th edition)|date=21 May 2012|publisher=[[Anglia Ruskin University]]|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222045426/http://www.libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm|archive-date=22 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> primarily used in the natural sciences and social sciences, and recommended by the [[American Chemical Society]] and the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA) (see [[APA style]]);
* Author–title or author–page: primarily used in the arts and the humanities, and recommended by the [[Modern Language Association]] (MLA) (see [[MLA Handbook]]).

=={{anchor|Author-date}} Author–date (Harvard referencing)==
In the author–date method (Harvard referencing),<ref name="Ruskin"/> the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports. The citation includes the author's name, year of publication, and page number(s) when a specific part of the source is referred to (Smith 2008, p.&nbsp;1) or (Smith 2008:1). A full citation is given in the references section: Smith, John (2008). ''Name of Book''. Name of Publisher.

===How to cite===
The structure of a citation under the author–date method is the author's surname, year of publication, and page number or range, in parentheses, as in "(Smith 2010, p. 1)".
* The page number or page range may be omitted if the entire work is cited, as in "(Smith 2010)".
* {{anchor|Narrative style}}Narrative style citations have the author appearing as part of the regular text sentence, outside parentheses, as in: "Jones (2001) revolutionized the field of trauma surgery."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative|title=Parenthetical Versus Narrative In-Text Citations|website=apastyle.apa.org|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref>
* Two authors are cited using "and" or "&": (Deane and Jones 1991) or (Deane & Jones 1991). More than two authors are cited using "[[Et al#et alii|''et al.'']]": (Smith ''et al.'' 1992).
* In some documentation systems (e.g., MLA style), an unknown date is cited as having "no date of publication" by the abbreviation for "no date" (Deane, n.d.).<ref name="EastAnglia">{{cite web|url=http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm?harvard_id=66#66|title=References with missing details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122041745/http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm?harvard_id=66#66|archive-date=2018-11-22|work=Harvard System of Referencing Guide|publisher=University of East Anglia|access-date=2010-10-25}}</ref>
* In such documentation systems, works without pagination are referred to in the References list as "not paginated" with the abbreviation for that phrase (n. pag.).<ref name=EastAnglia/>
* "No place of publication" and/or "no publisher" are both designated the same way (n.p.) and placed in the appropriate spot in the bibliographical citation (''Harvard Referencing''. N.p.).<ref name="EastAnglia"/>
* A reference to a republished work is cited with the original publication date either in square brackets (Marx [1867] 1967, p.&nbsp;90) or separated with a slash (Marx, 1867/1967, p.&nbsp;90).<ref>{{cite book|author=American Psychological Association|title=Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association|edition=5th|publisher=American Psychological Association|location=Washington, DC, USA|date=2001|isbn=978-1-55798-791-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/publicationmanu000amer/page/87 87]|url=https://archive.org/details/publicationmanu000amer|url-access=registration|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The inclusion of the original publication year qualifies the suggestion otherwise that the publication originally occurred in 1967.
* If an author published several books in 2005, the year of the first publication (in the alphabetic order of the references) is cited and referenced as 2005a, the second as 2005b and so on.
* A citation is placed wherever appropriate in or after the sentence. If it is at the end of a sentence, it is placed before the period, but a citation for an entire block quote immediately follows the period at the end of the block since the citation is not an actual part of the quotation itself. When citing quotes its advisable to insert the page number as this points directly to the page the content that has been used.
* Complete citations are provided in alphabetical order in a section following the text, usually designated as "Works cited" or "References." The difference between a "works cited" or "references" list and a bibliography is that a bibliography may include works not directly cited in the text.
* All citations are in the same font as the main text.
* Note that there is no official guide to Harvard citation style,<ref>{{cite web|last=Mullan|first=W. M. A.|title=DFST Harvard Reference Generator|url=https://www.dairyscience.info/harvard/referencegen.php|publisher=Dairy Science and Food Technology (DSFT)|access-date=17 July 2016|quote=Note the Harvard system of referencing is not 'tightly' specified and some variation in the use of capital letters, italics, the use of parentheses and text styles does occur in different institutions and journals. Please check the 'house style' that is specified for your publication, thesis, dissertation or assignment before submitting your work.}}</ref> consequently variations occur across various online Harvard citation and referencing guides. For example, some universities instruct students to type a book's publication date ''without'' parentheses in the reference list.<ref>{{cite web|title=Your Guide to Harvard Style Referencing|url=https://library.sydney.edu.au/subjects/downloads/citation/Harvard_Complete.pdf|website=University Library|publisher=The University of Sydney|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915145204/https://library.sydney.edu.au/subjects/downloads/citation/Harvard_Complete.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ruskin"/>

===Examples===
An example of a journal reference:

* Heilman, J. M. and West, A. G. (2015). "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." ''Journal of Medical Internet Research'', 17(3), p. e62. doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.

Following is an explanation of the components, where the coloring is for demonstration purposes and is not used in actual formatting:
<br>
<span style="border:3px orange; border-style:none dotted solid;">Heilman, J. M. and West, A. G.</span>
<span style="border:3px lightgreen; border-style:none dotted solid;">(2015).</span>
<span style="border:3px blue; border-style:none dotted solid;">"Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language."</span>
<span style="border:3px lightgreen; border-style:none dotted solid;">''Journal of Medical Internet Research'',</span>
<span style="border:3px red; border-style:none dotted solid;">[[Volume (bibliography)|17]]</span>
<span style="border:3px yellow; border-style:none dotted solid;">[[Issue (periodical)|(3)]],</span>
<span style="border:3px blue; border-style:none dotted solid;">p.e62.</span>
<span style="border:3px plum; border-style:none dotted solid;">doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.</span>
* <span style="border:3px orange; border-style:none dotted solid;">Author(s)</span> first listed author's name inverted in the bibliography entry
* <span style="border:3px lightgreen; border-style:none dotted solid;">Year</span>
* <span style="border:3px blue; border-style:none dotted solid;">Article title</span>
* <span style="border:3px lightgreen; border-style:none dotted solid;">Journal title</span> in [[italic type]]
* <span style="border:3px red; border-style:none dotted solid;">[[Volume (bibliography)|Volume]]</span><ref name="vol">{{Cite book|title=The Chicago Manual of Style|url=https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs16edunse|url-access=registration|date=2010|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-10420-1|edition=16th|location=Chicago|oclc=495102182|chapter=Notes and Bibliography: Journal Volume, Issue, and Date}}</ref>
* <span style="border:3px yellow; border-style:none dotted solid;">[[Periodical literature|Issue]]</span><ref name="vol"/>
* <span style="border:3px blue; border-style:none dotted solid;">Page numbers</span>{{NoteTag|The Heilman and West example article was published electronically without page numbers.}} specific page number in a note; page range in a bibliography entry
* <span style="border:3px plum; border-style:none dotted solid;">[[Digital object identifier]]</span>

Examples of book references are:
* Smith, J. (2005a). ''Dutch Citing Practices''. The Hague: Holland Research Foundation.
* Smith, J. (2005b). ''Harvard Referencing''. London: Jolly Good Publishing.

In giving the city of publication, an internationally well-known city (such as London, The Hague, or New York) is given as the city alone. If the city is not internationally well known, the country (or state and country if in the U.S.) is given.

An example of a newspaper reference:
* Bowcott, Owen (October 18, 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/animalrights/story/0,11917,1594716,00.html "Protests halt online auction to shoot stag"], ''The Guardian''.

===Advantages===
{{prose|section|date=June 2020}}
* The principal advantage of the author–date method is that a reader familiar with a field is likely to recognize a citation without having to check in the references section. This is most useful in fields whose works are commonly known by their date of publication (for example, the sciences and social sciences in which one cites, say, "the 2005 Johns Hopkins study of brain function"), or if the author cited is notorious (for example, HIV denialist [[Peter Duesberg]] on the cause of [[AIDS]]).
* The use of author–date systems helps the reader easily identify sources that may be outdated.
* If the same source is cited more than once, even a reader unfamiliar with the author may remember the name. It quickly becomes obvious if the publication is relying heavily on a single author or single publication. When many different pages of the same work are cited, the reader does not need to flip back and forth to footnotes or endnotes full of "[[ibid.]]" citations to discover this fact.
* With the author–date method, there is no renumbering hassle when the order of in-text citations is changed, which can be a scourge of the [[Vancouver system|numbered endnotes system]] if house style or project style insists that citations never appear out of numerical order. (Computerized [[reference-management software]] automates this aspect of the numbered system [for example, Microsoft Word's endnote system, Wikipedia's <nowiki><ref></nowiki> system, [[BibTeX|LaTeX/BibTeX]], or [[Comparison of reference management software|various applications marketed to professionals]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>.)
* Parenthetical referencing works well in combination with substantive notes. When the note system is used for source citations, two different systems of note marking and placement are needed—in Chicago Style, for instance, "the citation notes should be numbered and appear as endnotes. The substantive notes, indicated by asterisks and other symbols, appear as footnotes" ([[#refChicagoManualOfStyle2003|"Chicago Manual of Style" 2003]], 16.63–64). This approach can be cumbersome in any circumstances. When it is not possible to use footnotes altogether probably because of the publisher's policy, it results in two parallel series of endnotes, which can be confusing to readers. Using parenthetical referencing for sources avoids such a problem.
* The reader can find the in-text author–date citations of a specific work more easily. Finding in-text numbered citations is more difficult because some will not appear if they are included in ranges.
* The author–date method can be more convenient for manuscript/draft preparation, or revisions, that are handled by multiple contributing authors. For example, multiple authors are not necessarily able to use the same [[reference-management software]]. As such, it may be a preferred style to be used for submission to journals that allow any reference style before acceptance, such as journals that follow [[Elsevier]]'s ''Your Paper Your Way'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elsevier.com/authors/tools-and-resources/your-paper-your-way|title=Your Paper, Your Way|website=elsevier.com|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> guidelines.

===Disadvantages===
{{prose|section|date=June 2020}}

* Taking up space and distracting, especially when many works are cited in a single place (which often occurs when reviewing a large body of previous work). Numbered footnotes or endnotes, by contrast, can be combined into a range, e.g. "<nowiki>[27–35]</nowiki>". However this disadvantage is offset by the fact that parenthetical referencing may be economical for the overall document since, for instance, "(Smith 2008: 34)" takes up a small amount of space in a paragraph, whereas the same information would require a whole line in a footnote or endnote.
* In many disciplines in the arts and humanities, date of publication is often not the most important piece of information about a particular work. Thus, in author–date references such as "(Dickens 2003: 10)", the date is essentially redundant or meaningless when read on the page, since works may go through numerous editions or translations long after the original publication. Compare a reference in a science discipline such as "The last survey indicated that four hundred were left in the wild (Jones ''et al.'' 2003)", where the date ''is'' meaningful. The reader of certain forms of arts and humanities scholarship may thus be better aided by the use of author–title referencing styles such as MLA: for example, "(Dickens ''Oliver'', 10)", where meaningful information is given on the page. Historical scholarship is an exception, since, when citing a primary source, date of publication ''is'' meaningful, though in most branches of history footnotes are preferred on other grounds. Generally speaking, however, it is instructive that author–date systems such as [[Parenthetical referencing#Origins and use|Harvard were devised by scientists]], whereas author–title systems such as [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA]] were devised by humanities scholars.
* Similarly, because works are frequently reprinted in many arts and humanities disciplines, different author–date references might refer to the same work. For example, "(Spivak 1985)", "(Spivak 1987)", and "(Spivak 1996)" might all refer to the same essay — and might be better rendered in author–title style as "(Spivak 'Subaltern')". Such ambiguities may be resolved by adding an original date of publication, for example, "(Spivak 1985/1996)", though this is cumbersome and exacerbates the principal disadvantage of parenthetical referencing, namely its distraction for the reader and unattractiveness on the page.
* Rules can be complicated or unclear for non-academic references, particularly those where the personal author is unknown, such as government-issued documents and standards.
* When removing a portion of text which has citations in it, the editor(s) must also check the ''Reference'' sections to see if the sources cited in the removed text is used elsewhere in the paper or book, and if not, to delete any reference not actually cited in the text (although this issue can be eliminated by the use of [[Reference management software|reference manager software]]).
* The use of the author–date methods (but not author–title) can be confusing when used in monographs about particularly prolific authors. In-text citation and back-of-the-book listings of works arranged by date of publication are conducive to errors and confusion: for example, Harvey 1996a, Harvey 1996b, Harvey 1996c, Harvey 1996d, Harvey 1995a, Harvey 1995b, Harvey 1986a, Harvey 1986b, and so on.
* The mixing of text with frequent parentheses and long strings of numbers is typographically inelegant.
* Most historical journals (apart from economic and social history) use footnotes because of the need for maximum flexibility. Primary source references to archives, etc., involve long and complex information, all of which may be immediately relevant to a serious reader. An interesting example of this arose with the famous work of the anthropologists John and Jean Comaroff, ''Of Revelation and Revolution'' which treated historical events from anthropological perspective: although parenthetical references were used for scholarly sources, the authors found it necessary to use notes for the historical archive material they were also using.
* If parenthetical referencing is combined with alphabetic order of author names, this can lead to discrimination of authors with last names starting with a letter in the end of the alphabet. Studies have demonstrated that alphabetical lists can lead to a significant discrimination of authors with last names in the end of such lists (e.g., funding, citations).<ref>Einav, L., & Yariv, L. (2006). What's in a surname? The effects of surname initials on academic success. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 175–187.</ref> Some style guides therefore suggest to list the authors chronologically instead.

=== Origins and use ===
The origin of the author–date style is attributed to a paper by [[Edward Laurens Mark]], Hersey professor of anatomy and director of the zoological laboratory at [[Harvard University]], who may have copied it from the cataloguing system used then and now by the library of Harvard's [[Museum of Comparative Zoology]].<ref name="Chernin">{{citation|last=Chernin|first=Eli|year=1988|title=The 'Harvard system': a mystery dispelled |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1834803&blobtype=pdf |work=British Medical Journal|pages=1062–1063}}</ref> In 1881 Mark wrote a paper on the embryogenesis of the garden slug, in which he included an author–date citation in parentheses on page 194, the first known instance of such a reference.<ref name="mark_1881_firstharvardcite">{{cite journal|last=Mark|first=Edward Laurens|year=1881|title=Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney|journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College|volume=6|page=194|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn0tAAAAYAAJ|doi=10.1086/273085|oclc=6822275174}}</ref> Until then, according to Eli Chernin writing in the ''[[The BMJ|British Medical Journal]]'', references had appeared in inconsistent styles in footnotes, referred to in the text using a variety of printers' symbols, including asterisks and daggers. Chernin writes that a 1903 [[festschrift]] dedicated to Mark by 140 students, including [[Theodore Roosevelt]], confirms that the author–date system is attributable to Mark. The festschrift pays tribute to Mark's 1881 paper, writing that it "introduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliography." According to an editorial note in the ''British Medical Journal'' in 1945, an unconfirmed anecdote is that the term "Owen system" was introduced by an English visitor to Harvard University library, who was impressed by the citation system and dubbed it "Harvard system" upon his return to England.<ref name="Chernin"/>

Although it originated in biology, it is now more common in humanities, history, and social science. It is favored by a few scientific journals, including the major biology journal ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]''.{{cn|date=March 2022}}

==Author–title==
In the author–title or author–page method, also referred to as [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]], the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports, and includes the author's name (a short title only is necessary when there is more than one work by the same author) and a page number where appropriate (Smith 1) or (Smith, ''Playing'' 1). (No "p." or "pp." prefaces the page numbers and main words in titles appear in capital letters, following MLA style guidelines.) A full citation is given in the references section.

==Content notes==
{{See also|The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers#Content notes}}
A content note generally contains useful information and explanations that do not fit into the primary text itself. Content notes may be given as [[footnote]]s or [[endnote]]s or even a combination of both footnotes and endnotes. Such content notes may themselves contain a style of parenthetical referencing, just as the main text does.

== See also ==
* [[Comparison of reference management software]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web|author=American Psychological Association|year=2001|url=http://apastyle.apa.org/electext.html|title=Citations in Text of Electronic Material|work=APA Style}}
* {{cite book|author=British Standards Institution|year=1990|title=Recommendations for citing and referencing published material|edition=2nd|location=London|publisher=British Standards Institution}}
* {{cite book|title=[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]|year=2003|edition=15th|location=Chicago|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=0-226-10403-6}} (hardcover). {{ISBN|0-226-10404-4}} ([[CD-ROM]]).
* {{cite book|author=((Council of Science Editors))|year=2006|title=Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers|edition=7th|location=Reston, VA (US)|publisher=[[Council of Science Editors|CSE]]|isbn=0-9779665-0-X}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Modern Language Association|Modern Language Association of America]]|year=2009|title=[[The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers]]|edition=7th|location=New York|publisher=[[Modern Language Association|MLA]]|isbn=978-1-60329-024-1}}
* {{cite book|title=MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing|year=2008|publisher=Modern Language Association|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-87352-297-7}}
* {{cite journal|last=Roediger|first=Roddy|date=April 2004|url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=1549|title=What Should They Be Called?|journal=APS Observer|volume=17|number=4|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219013551/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=1549|archive-date=2009-02-19}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite web|url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/news/2006/refworks_lamont.html|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222045721/http://hcl.harvard.edu/news/2006/refworks_lamont.html|title=Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorks Workshops|year=2006|publisher=[[Harvard College]] Library}}
* {{cite web|url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/news/2009/research_services_sharing.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120222045715/http://hcl.harvard.edu/news/2009/research_services_sharing.html |archive-date=2012-02-22 |title=Research Service Libraries Take Part in Pilot Project |year=2009|publisher=[[Harvard University Library]]|access-date=2009-03-11}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Kate L. Turabian|last=Turabian|first=Kate L.|display-authors=etal|year=2007 |title=A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations|edition=7th|location=Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-82336-2}}
* {{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=citationtools&pageid=icb.page148723|archive-date=2012-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209150932/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=citationtools&pageid=icb.page148723|title=Citation Tools|publisher=[[Harvard University Library|Harvard Libraries]]|year=2008}} – Includes hyperlinked.
* {{citation|author=[[American Library Association]] (ALA)|date=November 2003|title=ALA Standards Manual |url=http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/ors/standardsa/standardsmanual/manual.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227135504/http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/ors/standardsa/standardsmanual/manual.cfm|archive-date=2009-02-27}}
* {{cite web|author=(([[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), previously named [[Council of Biology Editors]] (CBE)))|year=2009|url=http://councilscienceeditors.org/publications/style_introduction.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022091544/http://councilscienceeditors.org/publications/style_introduction.cfm |archive-date=2007-10-22|title=Scientific Style and Format: Introduction}} and {{cite web |url=http://councilscienceeditors.org/reference_links.cfm|title=Reference Links|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206180037/http://councilscienceeditors.org/reference_links.cfm|archive-date=6 February 2009}} – Includes section on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing the Internet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".
* {{cite web|author=[[Duke University]] Library|date=2008-06-02|title=Citing Sources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism |url=http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/}} – Provides hyperlinked "Citation Guides" pertaining to the most commonly used citation guidelines, including parenthetical referencing. Also includes APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian style guidelines.
* {{cite web|author=Harvard College Library|year=2008|url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205070212/http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/|archive-date=2012-12-05|title=Research Guides|publisher=(Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library)}}
* {{cite web|author=Harvard College Writing Program |publisher=[[Harvard University]]|year=2008 |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k24101&pageid=icb.page123040 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/2012.12.10-092053/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k24101&pageid=icb.page123040|title=Resources for Students: Guides to Using Sources}}
* {{cite web|author=[[University of Leeds]] Library|year=2009|url=https://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing|title=References and citations explained|access-date=2016-02-02}}
* {{cite web|author=[[University of Southern Queensland]] Library|year=2008 |url=http://www.usq.edu.au/library/Breeze/Fac_Business/HarvardAGPS/|archive-date=2009-03-01|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090301173055/http://www.usq.edu.au/library/Breeze/Fac_Business/HarvardAGPS/ |title=Your Guide to the Harvard AGPS Referencing System}} and {{cite web|url=http://www.usq.edu.au/library/help/ehelp/ref_guides/harvardonline.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703124746/http://www.usq.edu.au/library/help/ehelp/ref_guides/harvardonline.htm|archive-date=2007-07-03|title=Harvard Style (AGPS) – Web sources|access-date=2010-10-25}}
* {{cite web|author=[[Victoria University, Australia|Victoria University of Technology]]|year=2009 |url=http://www.lasalle.edu/academ/sba/faculty/Harvard.pdf|archive-date=2009-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521015014/http://www.lasalle.edu/academ/sba/faculty/Harvard.pdf |title=Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide to Referencing Sources Used in Assignments|access-date=2010-10-25}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parenthetical Referencing}}
[[Category:Style guides]]
[[Category:Bibliography]]
[[Category:Harvard University]]